BMJ:中国应遏制抗菌药物滥用

2014-02-17 daerwen2008 dxy

抗菌药物滥用是我国重大的公共卫生难题。近日,来自英国诺丁汉特伦特大学的Yan Li等对中国抗菌药物的滥用现状进行了综述,发表于2014年2月12日的BMJ上。1.中国抗菌药物滥用的现状在中国,门诊和住院病人抗菌药物的使用率很高。平均而言,中国每人每年使用138g抗菌药物——是美国的10倍,约有75%的季节性流感患者使用抗菌药物,97%的手术患者给予抗菌药物治疗,住院患者抗菌药物处方率为80%。而世

抗菌药物滥用是我国重大的公共卫生难题。近日,来自英国诺丁汉特伦特大学的Yan Li等对中国抗菌药物的滥用现状进行了综述,发表于2014年2月12日的BMJ上。

1.中国抗菌药物滥用的现状

在中国,门诊和住院病人抗菌药物的使用率很高。平均而言,中国每人每年使用138g抗菌药物——是美国的10倍,约有75%的季节性流感患者使用抗菌药物,97%的手术患者给予抗菌药物治疗,住院患者抗菌药物处方率为80%。而世界卫生组织推荐的抗菌药物医院使用率为30%。

许多初级医疗保健中心把抗菌药物视为灵丹妙药。但实际上其对病毒感染如普通感冒,以及通常由病毒所致且具有自限性的咽喉疼痛是无效的。

抗菌药物滥用不仅无益于治疗,并且可能通过各种方式损害机体,会导致耐药性、药物毒性和过敏反应。在中国,抗菌药物的滥用对其使用的有效性造成了严重威胁。

由于抗菌药物的滥用,中国的耐药率增长速度世界第一。梅毒和医院“超级病菌”耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌也因适应了中国抗菌药物滥用的环境而变得活跃。

抗菌药物滥用的另一后果是药物不良反应。2001-2005年间,每年约发生14738000例中至重度的抗菌药物不良反应,其中约150000名患者死亡。2010年报道发生约690000例药物不良反应,其中滥用现象最普遍的抗菌药物为头孢菌素类、青霉素类和喹诺酮类。

2.中国抗菌药物滥用的原因

首先是需求方面。许多病人把抗菌药物抗生素作为灵丹妙药或者万灵药,即使无适应症时也会自己要求使用,并会要求使用更新一代的抗菌药物,认为其效果更好。当患者未接受注射或滴注抗菌药物治疗时,往往认为自己未接受到高标准的诊疗。

其次是应用方面。医生可能会由于缺乏关于抗菌药物合理使用的专业知识而开具过量的抗菌药物。因为他们希望能够预防潜在感染,或仅仅因为他们认为这是病人自己的需求。

第三,经济方面的动机也发挥着重要的作用。医院运行成本的8%由政府资助,而剩下92%由医疗收费自行拨付。药品销售额目前占所有医院收入的50%以上,而抗菌药物就占了全部药品销售额的47%,医院被允许收取15%的提价。在许多医院,医生的收入与他们开具的药物密切相关,医院处方药物的奖金和医药公司的回扣可增加医生的收入。

此外,抗菌药物应是处方药,从理论上讲,没有医生的处方,药店不允许直接销售抗菌药物给顾客。但实际上人们无需处方就可以很容易地在药店购买到抗菌药物。

3.中国抗菌药物滥用的治理

中国国家和地方卫生当局正在加紧努力治理抗菌药物的滥用。2011年,北京市卫生局对北京165家医院抗生素的使用情况进行了调查,有药物滥用现象的医院一经发现将会降低其排名。此举将直接影响医院的医疗收费。

2012 年4月,中国卫生部颁布了抗菌药物临床应用管理办法(卫生部令第84号),旨在对临床抗菌药物的使用建立分级管理系统。该办法于2012年8月生效,明确了抗菌药物的选择、采购和医疗机构临床使用流程、监测和早期预警监测、干预和撤药。该管理办法对医生开具抗菌药物处方进行了限制,要求医生在病人全面查体、血液检查和尿检结果的基础上谨慎地运用抗菌药物。

在中国,抗菌药物滥用是一个长期存在的问题,需要通过更多的协同努力来解决。虽然已有对抗菌药物合理使用的规定,但若不强制执行和严惩违背者则难有成效。

对公众进行教育也很重要。应进行广泛的公众宣传活动,努力提高公众关于滥用抗菌药物危害的意识。如在医院检查室内放置抗菌药物不适用于普通感冒和流感治疗的信息材料。

同时还应更好的教育医务人员,制定抗菌药物使用的详细指导规范如抗菌药物使用类型、剂量和疗程。应涵盖不同科室、医生开具处方资格以及抗菌药物的销售和可获得性等。

此外,有必要改革公立医院的补偿机制,提高医生收入,改变医院运用药品销售补贴医疗服务的做法,执行中国现有的抗菌药物法规。

抗菌药物滥用的威胁有可能成为中国甚至是全球性卫生健康的最大挑战。乐观来讲,希望中国新的卫生体制改革计划,包括医药政策与合理使用抗菌药物的战略能够取得成功。

作者个人认为,患者和不正当的经济诱因压力,只是刺激中国抗菌药物滥用的多重潜在危险因素中的2个。

原始出处:
Li Y.China's misuse of antibiotics should be curbed.BMJ. 2014 Feb 12;348:g1083. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g1083.

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    2014-05-27 gaoxiaoe
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    2014-06-27 zchen
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    2014-02-19 lhlxtx
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