NEJM:里程碑式研究:弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤分类迈出更精准一步

2018-04-16 王强 肿瘤资讯

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤是最常见的淋巴瘤类型,按照世界卫生组织分类可以分为三种类型,但即使同一类型中的患者也会有疗效及预后的差异。最近发表于《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一项研究对该肿瘤进行了进一步的遗传学分类,被专业人士评为 “里程碑”式的研究。

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤是最常见的淋巴瘤类型,按照世界卫生组织分类可以分为三种类型,但即使同一类型中的患者也会有疗效及预后的差异。最近发表于《新英格兰医学杂志》上的一项研究对该肿瘤进行了进一步的遗传学分类,被专业人士评为 “里程碑”式的研究。《肿瘤资讯》对该研究及Medscape网站刊发的点评进行编译整理,并邀请中山大学肿瘤防治中心的李志铭教授对其临床意义进行评价。

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,DLBCL)具有表型及遗传学上的异质性。按照世界卫生组织(WHO)分类,根据其细胞来源将其分为生发中心来源B细胞样(germinal-center B-cell-like,GCB)、活化B细胞样(activated B-cell-like,ABC)及未能确定细胞来源三种类型,而不同类型DLBCL对化疗及靶向治疗的反应也有所不同。最近美国的部分科学家联合加拿大、德国部分科学家对DLBCL做了进一步研究,根据已知的DLBCL遗传学改变,对其做了进一步的遗传学分类,并试图根据肿瘤遗传学改变找出新的治疗方向。

研究细节

该研究共纳入574例DLBCL的活检病例,并通过外显子测序及转录组测序、基于芯片技术的DNA拷贝数分析、有针对性的扩增子测序等方法对372个基因进行了分析,希望检出有重现性异常的基因。根据该研究设计的方案,研究作者确定出DLBCL四个主要遗传学亚型,并分别将其命名为:MCD型(同时出现MYD88L265P、CD79B的突变)、BN2型(具有BCL6融合与NOTCH2突变)、N1型(具有NOTCH1突变)、EZB型(具有EHZ2突变及BCL2易位)。这四种亚型之间的遗传学标记不同,且对免疫治疗及化疗的反应也有所不同:BN2型及EZB型疗效较好,而MCD型和N1型预后较差。遗传学通路分析表明MCD型和BN2型DLBCL与“慢性活化型”B细胞受体信号通路有关,而该通路与疗效欠佳有关。

该文也对新提出的分型与原来三分类之间的关系进行了探讨,详见图1、图2。


图1  新分类方案中,原来三分类方案病例的分布比例

图2  原来三分类方案中,新分类方案病例的分布比例

由上述图表也可以解释为什么三分类时某一分类内患者的预后会不一致;同时新分类还解释了患者对传统化疗方案如R-CHOP治疗效果有所差异的原因,详见图3-5。


图3  ABC组患者新分类下的无进展生存数据分析


图4  ABC组患者新分类下的总生存数据分析


图5  GCB组患者新分类下的总生存数据分析

专家点评

国外专家点评

该研究结果已于2018年4月发表于著名的《新英格兰医学杂志》,美国专业医学搜索引擎网站Medscape也刊发了针对该研究的新闻报道,并引用罗斯威尔公园综合癌症中心Torka博士的评论,将其称之为“里程碑”式的研究。美国国家癌症研究所(National Cancer Institute,NCI)Sharpless博士在一份声明中说道,“该研究结果集过去20年NCI及其他科研机构之大成,进一步加强了DNA突变及基因表达对淋巴瘤生物学行为和预后影响方面的认识。这一分子分类将在DLBCL患者的预后预测、治疗方案方面发挥重要作用,并指引未来的研究方向。”

该研究的带头人、NCI癌症研究中心的Staut博士表示,“我们追求的目标是DLBCL精准治疗!因此,近期将进行临床试验,探讨上述DLBCL亚型对某些研究药物的效果如何;也将进一步了解上述不同亚型对化疗及靶向治疗的具体效果。我们期待,提出的这一分类可以帮床医师选择最佳的治疗方案。”

俄亥俄州立大学综合肿瘤中心的Christian博士表示,该研究为“探索DLBCL错综复杂生物学行为中的重大进步!该研究结果有望使DLBCL的治疗更具个体化,比如可以筛选出高危患者,整合更具可靠的靶向药物。”

美国罗斯威尔公园综合癌症中心的Torka博士将该研究称之为“里程碑式的研究”。另外,她还具体说明了该研究将如何影响临床诊疗决策,“比如,对于MCD型DLBCL的老年患者,目前这组患者对常规化疗方案如R-CHOP的疗效较差,而根据该研究,如果该患者存在MYD88L265P突变,可考虑将其纳入相关临床试验中,如伊布替尼(ibrutinib),而非继续使用传统方案。”

另外,Torka博士还指出,下一步的关键是将该研究中所用的科研手段转化为可供临床实际应用的简单化方案。

李志铭教授团队点评

中山大学肿瘤防治中心的高天晓博士及李志铭教授点评如下:

在精准医疗的时代,对于疾病的分类要求更为细致及具有针对性。2000年Alizadeh等人首次对于DLBCL的基因表达谱进行研究将其分类为生发中心B细胞(GCB)及活化B细胞(ABC)两种亚型,后续Rosenwald对其进行补充加入了“未能确定细胞来源的第三种类型”,开启了对DLBCL治疗的新思路。这三类分型具有各自独特的生物学特性,对于指导临床预后有着重要意义。然而研究也发现,这三大类亚型各自本身依旧存在异质性,同种亚型的预后还存在着差异。于是提出了这样的分类是否不足够精准,是否能找到对于临床更具有指导意义的分型方式的新问题。

2018年4月11日在线发表于新英格兰医学杂志(NEJM)的一项新研究将弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)四基因亚型:BN2型(基于BCL6融合和Notch2基因突变)、EZB型(基于EZH2基因突变和Bcl2易位)、MCD型(基于MYD88 L265P突变,CD79B共生)和N1型(基于NOTCH1突变)。BN2型和EZB型患者的治疗反应良好,而MCD型和N1型疗效不佳。5年总生存率可介于26%至68%之间,各亚型差异显着。通过与传统的分型对比可以发现,该分型对于预后的判断更为准确和具体化,有利于临床筛选对于化疗不敏感的高危患者,并有望根据具体基因学改变选择靶向药物尽早进行干预,进一步改善患者预后。这项研究的数据将通过NCI的基因组数据共享,以备将来研究之用。

然而,目前仍需对于此分型开展临床试验证明该分型对于临床指导是否准确有效,市场使用的传统药物和新型靶向药物是否能通过该分型得到可靠具有指导意义的预后数据。降低操作难度、成本、时间,将本研究中使用的高级测序技术转化为一个更简单的平台,以便将其应用于临床实践也是必须解决的问题。我们期待该研究的未来发展能够为DLBCL的治疗带来更精准的指引。

教授简介:


李志铭教授

中山大学肿瘤防治中心内科主任医师,博士生导师

中国抗癌协会淋巴瘤专业委员会青年委员会副主任委员

中国医师协会肿瘤医师分会青年委员会副主任委员

中国抗癌协会淋巴瘤专业委员会委员

广东省抗癌协会靶向与个体化治疗专业委员会副主任委员

广东省抗癌协会化疗专业委员会常委

中山大学肿瘤防治中心内科淋巴瘤病区区长


原始出处:

Schmitz R,Wright GW,Huang DW,et al.Genetics and Pathogenesis of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma[J].The New England journal of medicine,2018,378(15):1396-1407.

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