Science重大突破!杨璐菡博士团队解决异种器官移植关键难题!

2017-08-11 佚名 药明康德

今日,《科学》杂志在线刊登了一项重量级的研究。来自浙江大学、云南农业大学、重庆第三军医大学、哈佛大学以及其他科研机构与公司的团队使用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,一举解决了将猪器官移植到人体内的关键难题。这项研究的通讯作者是2017全球青年领袖,80后科学家杨璐菡博士。

今日,《科学》杂志在线刊登了一项重量级的研究。来自浙江大学、云南农业大学、重庆第三军医大学、哈佛大学以及其他科研机构与公司的团队使用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,一举解决了将猪器官移植到人体内的关键难题。这项研究的通讯作者是2017全球青年领袖,80后科学家杨璐菡博士。


器官移植手术影响了全球数百万人的生命。以美国为例,此时此刻,正在排队等待器官移植的患者人数高达12万。然而,每年能够用于移植的器官数量非常有限,成功进行的器官移植手术仅有3万多例。据估计,在2016年,每天都有22名患者在等待器官移植的过程中死去。


▲我们欣喜地看到,诸多来自中国的科研人员参与了这项重磅研究(图片来源:《科学》)

上世纪90年代,医学研究者们曾尝试解决这一问题。他们给出的策略是异种移植,即在人体内移植入动物器官。在这些动物中,猪的器官在尺寸与功能上和人体器官较为接近,因此也获得了研究人员的关注。然而,猪的基因组里含有内源性逆转录病毒(PERV)的序列,对人体有潜在的健康风险。直接将猪的器官移植入人体,可能会导致新型疾病的传播。几十年里,科学家们也一直在试图解决这个难题。


▲CRISPR-Cas9技术有望解决猪器官进行异种移植时面临的挑战(图片来源:eGenesis官网)

CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术的横空出世,让科学家们看到了曙光。一方面,它能精准地去除猪基因组里的PERV序列,降低人体感染疾病的风险;另一方面,它甚至能减少人体对猪器官产生的强烈免疫反应。“过去,这些障碍是不可逾越的,”杨璐菡博士说:“但现在,利用基因编辑技术,我们有望同时解决这两大问题。”


▲这项研究采取的策略(图片来源:eGenesis官网)

在今天的这篇《科学》论文中,研究人员证实了这一思路的可行性。使用CRISPR-Cas9技术,这支跨国团队在猪的原代细胞系(porcine primary cell line)里,成功使所有的PERV序列失活!随后,他们又使用“克隆技术”(体细胞核移植技术),培育出了猪的胚胎,并将这些胚胎移植到了代孕的母猪体内。随后,他们检测了出生的小猪体内的基因组DNA和mRNA水平,证实PERV序列继续处于失活状态。换句话说,将这些猪器官移植到人体里的关键安全隐患,已经得到了成功解决。

“在我们的研究前,这些经过基因改造的猪能否存活,在科学上有很大的不确定性。”杨璐菡博士说。如今,我们已经不再需要为此担忧。


▲多头PERV序列失活的小猪已成功诞生(图片来源:eGenesis官网)

受克隆技术本身所限,小猪成功出生的概率只有约1%。但可喜的是,基因编辑并不会降低克隆技术的成功率。1%的概率在应用上也具有可操作性。目前,已经有37头小猪使用这个手段诞生,所有的小猪体内,PERV都处于失活状态。

“如果猪器官的移植安全有效,这会极大改变器官移植的面貌。” David Klassen博士说道。他是一家非营利性机构的首席医学官,这个机构管理了整个美国的器官移植系统。

解决了PERV带来的安全隐患后,研究人员们计划挑战下一个难题。按计划,他们将敲除猪器官内会引起人类强烈免疫反应的基因,并插入一些能预防潜在毒性的基因。


▲哈佛大学知名遗传学家George Church教授认为2年内,我们能看到这项突破的实际应用(图片来源:Evolution News)

杨璐菡博士的导师,哈佛大学知名遗传学家George Church教授也参与了这项研究。他乐观估计,这项突破有望在两年内,实现猪器官到人体的移植。将来,我们有望为大量患者提供肝脏、肾脏、肺、心脏等器官,甚至可以为糖尿病患者提供全新的胰脏。每天,都有22名患者在等待器官移植的过程中死去。能够拯救这些患者,是一桩功德无量的事。
原始出处:
Luhan Yang,Xiaoyang Zhou,Gang Wang。et al.Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9.Science

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    2017-08-12 jichang
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    2017-08-11 蔬菜

    很棒,但基因编辑的安全性仍有待突破,两方面的突破才能提上应用日程

    0

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    2017-08-11 忠诚向上

    好好努力看下吧

    0

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    2017-08-11 明月清辉

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2017-08-11 执着追梦

    学习,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-08-11 Julie W

    今日,《科学》杂志在线刊登了一项重量级的研究。来自浙江大学、云南农业大学、重庆第三军医大学、哈佛大学以及其他科研机构与公司的团队使用CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,一举解决了将猪器官移植到人体内的关键难题。这项研究的通讯作者是2017全球青年领袖,80后科学家杨璐菡博士

    0

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