“低血糖”有点难搞 反复治疗仍不好?

2018-03-13 王绵 张力辉 殷立新 内分泌系统疾病

主诉 间断发作性意识丧失2年,加重6个月。

病例介绍

主诉 间断发作性意识丧失2年,加重6个月。

现病史 患者缘于2年前无明显诱因出现意识丧失,无抽搐,无大、小便失禁,于当地医院就诊,诊断低血糖症(具体血糖值不详),给予对症治疗后好转。此后间断意识丧失,伴有反应迟钝、行为异常,未监测血糖,自行服用葡萄糖后好转。1年前开始早晚口服葡萄糖各1次约20g,意识丧失发作次数较前减少。6个月前感冒后出现意识丧失伴抽搐发作,双眼向右侧凝视,口吐白沫,无大、小便失禁,对症处理后好转。患者神志清楚时监测血糖波动于1.3~2.2mmol/L之间,无心慌、出汗、饥饿等不适。为了进一步明确低血糖病因,收入内分泌科。

既往史 既往体健,无肝炎、结核病史,无手术输血史,无外伤史。预防接种史不详,系统回顾无特殊。

家族史 家族中无类似病,无高血压糖尿病家族史,父母及哥哥均体健,家族中无其他遗传病及传染病病史。

个人史 生于原籍,久居当地,未到过牧区及疫区。无烟、酒嗜好。无性病史。

既往用药史 入院前曾用过舍曲林等抗抑郁药物,以及安神补脑中药(具体不详)。

过敏史 无食物及药物过敏史。

【体格检查】

一般状况 男性,23岁,身高165c m,体重65kg,发育正常,营养中等,神情语利,自主体位,查体合作。

生命体征 T 37﹒3℃,P 96次/分,R 20次/分,BP140/80mmHg。

皮肤 全身皮肤黏膜未见黄染出血点及瘀斑,周身浅表淋巴结未触及肿大。

五官 头颅无畸形,眼睑无水肿,结膜无苍白,巩膜无黄染,双侧瞳孔正大等圆,对光反射灵敏。耳鼻无异常。口唇无发绀,伸舌居中。咽无充血,扁桃体无肿大。

颈部 颈双侧对称,未见颈静脉怒张及颈动脉异常搏动。颈软,无抵抗,气管居中,甲状腺不大。

胸部 胸廓无畸形,两侧对称,双侧呼吸动度一致,触觉语颤均等,无增强及减弱。双肺叩清音,肺肝浊音界位于右锁骨中线第Ⅴ肋间。双肺呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。

心脏 心前区无隆起,心尖搏动无弥散,未触及震颤,叩心界不大,心率96次/分,律齐,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音。

腹部 腹平坦,未见胃肠型及蠕动波,无腹壁静脉曲张,腹软,无压痛、反跳痛及肌紧张,肝脾肋下未触及。腹部叩鼓音,移动性浊音阴性,肠鸣音正常存在。

四肢 脊柱、四肢无畸形,肌张力正常。双下肢无水肿。

神经系统 生理反射存在,双侧巴氏征阴性,脑膜刺激征阴性。

辅助检查 入院随机血糖8.2mmol/L。

入院诊断 胰岛素瘤?

诊疗经过 入院后根据既往病史:①间断意识丧失2年余,多数发作发生在晨起,发作时曾测血糖低,口服葡萄糖后意识转清;②清醒状态下监测血糖波动于1.3~2.2mmol/L之间;③入院后监测血糖,证实有低血糖发作;④家属诉其较发病前反应迟钝。故低血糖症诊断明确,初始医嘱如下:

(1)少量多餐,预防低血糖发生。

(2)严密监测血糖变化,尤其注意夜间血糖,注意避免凌晨低血糖发生,加强夜间血糖监测。

(3)低血糖发作时立即测定血糖、胰岛素和C肽,然后紧急处理低血糖。

患者的低血糖较严重,最常在凌晨发作,多数发作不能自行缓解,需要进食、喝糖水才能缓解,严重时需要静脉应用葡萄糖,所以除外了功能性低血糖症,考虑为病理性低血糖症。住院期间查肝、肾功能正常,垂体激素六项、皮质醇、甲状腺激素水平经检查均在正常范围,既往无应用抗甲状腺药物及抗结核药物史,亦无其他特殊用药史,故可除外胰岛素自身免疫综合征;无糖尿病史和降糖药物应用史,也除外了降糖药物所致低血糖症,结合患者低血糖发作特点,高度怀疑胰岛素瘤。同时进行了胸片和腹部超声检查以除外胰外肿瘤,胸片回报示:心肺膈未见明显异常。腹部超声示:脾稍大,肝、胆、双肾未见占位性病变。胰头、胰体未见明确占位性病变。住院期间患者害怕低血糖发生,进食较频繁,很少有严重低血糖发作,血糖最低2.1mmol/L,当时测定胰岛素为14.4μI U/ml,计算胰岛素释放指数为0.38,稍高于正常,后复查两次胰岛素(当时血糖分别为2.6和 2﹒8mmol/L,胰岛素为15.7和20μI U/ml),并计算胰岛素释放指数分别为0.34和0.4,而进一步计算修正指数分别为202.4和100,仍高度怀疑胰岛素瘤,进一步做胰腺CT示:胰腺平扫未见明显异常,胰腺MRI回报示:胰腺体尾部结节伴异常强化,性质不易确定。请腺体外科会诊,会诊意见:转科行手术治疗。术后回访,患者再无低血糖发作,肿物病理回报示:①胰体尾部胰岛素瘤,梁索状,肿瘤有完整包膜,与正常胰腺界限清楚;②胰腺下缘胰岛素瘤,梁索状,肿瘤包膜完整。冷冻病理报告:胰岛素瘤,梁状高分化结构,肿瘤边界清楚。后患者手术切口愈合出院。

出院诊断 胰岛素瘤。

病例特点与诊断要点

1﹒病史 患者间断晨起意识丧失2年余。意识丧失时测血糖低,口服葡萄糖后好转;开始时患者低血糖发生时有心慌、饥饿、大汗、手抖等伴随症状,以后随病程延长,上述症状消失,平素监测血糖波动于1.3~2.2mmol/L之间;入院后多次查血糖均低于2.8mmol/L。两年来因反复低血糖,患者较发病前反应迟钝。

2﹒胰岛素释放指数3次胰岛素释放指数分别为0.38、0.34和0.4,第2次及第3次胰岛素释放修正指数分别为204.2和100。

3﹒影像学检查 胰腺CT平扫未见明显异常。胰腺MRI示胰腺体尾部结节伴异常强化。

4﹒病理结果 肿物病理回报示:①胰体尾部胰岛素瘤,梁索状,肿瘤有完整包膜,与正常胰腺界限清楚;②胰腺下缘胰岛素瘤,梁索状,肿瘤包膜完整。冷冻病理报告:胰岛素瘤,梁状高分化结构,肿瘤边界清楚。

5﹒患者术后再无低血糖发作。

6﹒肝、肾功能正常,甲状腺功能、肾上腺功能及垂体功能正常。

用药分析与药学监护

1﹒手术治疗

低血糖症如果明确了病因为胰岛素瘤,而且定位诊断明确的话,需要手术切除进行根治。该患者MRI明确了肿瘤部位,所以采取了手术治疗,但在手术探查过程中,不仅在胰体尾部发现了肿瘤,在胰腺下方也发现了肿瘤,一并进行了切除,术后病理证实胰岛素瘤,而且低血糖发作消失。

但对于明确诊断胰岛素瘤而肿瘤定位困难者,可以开腹探查。探查中仍未发现肿瘤者可从胰尾部切除部分胰腺,以求病情缓解,但成功率低。术后病情未缓解,仍有低血糖发作者,建议患者少量多餐,必要时应用抑制胰岛素分泌或拮抗胰岛素作用的药物如二氮嗪、糖皮质激素、生长抑素类似物等。

2﹒术后观察和随访

该患者术后还应长期观察血糖变化并进行随访。避免高热量饮食及预防性进食,减轻胰腺负担,防止糖代谢异常。

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    2018-03-15 yfjms

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    2018-03-15 1219cd1cm72暂无昵称

    不错不错学习了

    0

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    2018-03-14 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-03-14 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识

    0

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    2018-03-13 惠映实验室

    好详细.学习了.

    0

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    2018-03-13 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-03-13 有备才能无患

    但对于明确诊断胰岛素瘤而肿瘤定位困难者.可以开腹探查.探查中仍未发现肿瘤者可从胰尾部切除部分胰腺.以求病情缓解.但成功率低.术后病情未缓解.仍有低血糖发作者.建议患者少量多餐.必要时应用抑制胰岛素分泌或拮抗胰岛素作用的药物如二氮嗪.糖皮质激素.生长抑素类似物等.

    0

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大家都知道全胰切除术和肝内胰岛自体移植(TP / IAT)可以缓解严重腹痛,避免麻醉药使用,保持胰岛功能,并且避免慢性胰腺炎患者的糖尿病发生。然而,许多接受TP / IAT治疗的患者抱怨餐后低血糖。近日在JCEM上发表的一篇文章则旨在研究这一发生机制。

JCEM:长期1型糖尿病患者从连续血糖监测获益几何?

大家都知道长期的1型糖尿病患者(T1D)由于葡萄糖反调节和低血糖症状识别的缺失,其严重低血糖的风险也在增加。近日在JCEM上发表的一篇文章则旨在确定为规避低血糖发生而采用的实时连续血糖监测(CGM),能否提高并发未察觉低血糖的长期T1D患者的葡萄糖反调节。

JCEM:低血糖对糖尿病患者循环干细胞和祖细胞的影响!

在糖尿病患者中,单一轻度的低血糖发作可损害生理性EPC波动,而严重的低血糖可显著减少干细胞和内皮祖细胞。这些数据为低血糖和糖尿病不良后果之间提供了一种新的可能联系。

Diabetes Care:糖尿病患者急性肾损伤出院后低血糖的风险!

由此可见,AKI是出院后发生低血糖的危险因素。在这一人群中确定风险降低策略的研究是很有必要的。

Diabetes Obes Metab:低血糖严重程度与使用胰岛素的2型糖尿病患者临床和经济结局相关!

由此可见,使用基础胰岛素±速效/预混胰岛素并发生严重低血糖的2型糖尿病患者活动和工作效率受损程度更大,使用的医疗资源更多,并产生较高的成本,相比于那些非严重或无低血糖患者。研究还表明还对经济和健康相关生活质量结局产生影响。减少低血糖的发生率和严重程度在HRQoL上可获得临床上有意义的改善,并且降低医疗服务利用情况和费用。

Diabetes Care:2型糖尿病患者:磺脲类药理差异是否影响心血管和低血糖风险?

2017年11月,发表在《Diabetes Care》的一项由加拿大和德国科学家进行的研究,考察了磺脲类药理差异与心血管不良事件和低血糖事件的相关性。