付平教授:从临床疗效及卫生经济学角度综合考虑选择非含钙磷结合剂将使患者长期获益

2018-02-28 小楠 中国医学论坛报

最新的统计数据显示,我国透析患者数已达约52万,但实际可能比这一数字更多。透析患者针对高磷血症的管理并不令人满意,相比于发达国家50~60%的血磷达标率,我国透析患者血磷在美国慢性肾脏病临床实践指南(KDOQI)范围内的达标率仅为38.5%。目前,高磷相关的心血管死亡率和全因死亡率的增加已经引起了临床医生的重视。因此,如何控制高磷血症是目前我们要面临的一个很重要的问题。

最新的统计数据显示,我国透析患者数已达约52万,但实际可能比这一数字更多。透析患者针对高磷血症的管理并不令人满意,相比于发达国家50~60%的血磷达标率,我国透析患者血磷在美国慢性肾脏病临床实践指南(KDOQI)范围内的达标率仅为38.5%。目前,高磷相关的心血管死亡率和全因死亡率的增加已经引起了临床医生的重视。因此,如何控制高磷血症是目前我们要面临的一个很重要的问题。

最早CKD-MBD的概念是由我国学者在30年代提出的,当时定义的名称为肾性骨病。但是2005年在西班牙马德里,肾脏病改善全球预后组织(KIDGO)专业委员会就这个问题进行了充分的讨论,认为仅单纯用肾性骨病并不能够充分概括CKD-MBD的概念,因此,第一次提出并在2009年的专家共识中用CKD-MBD取代了肾性骨病的概念。接着2017年KIDGO指南又重新对这一概念进行了修订,依然认为高磷血症是CKD-MBD的一个始动因素,但是强调其防控策略应为磷-钙-甲状旁腺激素(PTH)的综合管理,而不是针对某一个单一指标进行的。

对于高磷血症的防控,我们也经历了一个相对漫长的过程。最早的磷结合剂是含铝的磷结合剂,降磷效果很好,但由于铝在体内蓄积会引起骨软化、认知功能障碍等不良反应,目前临床已很少使用。随后含钙的磷结合剂取代了含铝磷结合剂在临床广泛应用,但我们又发现其会引起血管的转移性钙化、心血管并发症等,这再次引起了临床的高度关注。因此,2017年 CKD-MBD指南特别提到,即使没有高钙血症,在选择磷结合剂时,仍要首选非含钙的磷结合剂。这是基于临床对钙相关心血管并发症导致的心血管死亡和全因死亡风险增加等一些列问题的充分认识后,指南提出的相关建议。

在控磷的过程中,我们应该遵循3D原则,即饮食控制,充分透析和磷结合剂的使用。但是如果过分强调低磷和低蛋白饮食,可能导致营养不良相关的死亡风险增加,进而抵消降磷带来的获益,再加上患者对饮食口感的要求,因此通过控制饮食,很难在真正意义上达到对CKD-MBD的防控。其次,现有针对不同透析模式治疗高磷血症的相关研究表明,目前夜间透析才能有效清除体内过高的磷。但在真实世界中,很难做到夜间长程的透析,大部分情况仍是每周2~3次的透析,这很难真正清除过高的血磷。

对于磷结合剂的使用,在医生和患者层面均有一些顾虑,虽然新型非含钙磷结合剂的价格略高,但是已有相关研究及我国卫生经济学专家针对司维拉姆进行了卫生经济学方面的评价。虽然短期内患者的治疗费用会增加,但是长远看由于减少了心血管的并发症、患者住院次数及降低了死亡风险,短期使用相对价格较高的司维拉姆,患者将长期获益。因此,下一步临床医生应该在综合防控中不仅要关注药物的疗效及不良反应,还需从另外的角度,如卫生经济学,整体去评价药物的使用和治疗手段的选择为患者带来的长期获益。

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    2018-09-01 zexyw01
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研究认为21种常见抗抑郁药物对于成年严重抑郁的治疗效果均优于安慰剂,但治疗耐受性差异显著。该研究为病人、医生、指南制定人员和决策者临床实践和治疗指南制定提供了可靠的依据