PNAS:上海交大发现抗衰老新物质——TPP-噻唑,效果惊人暂无副作用!

2020-05-02 MedSci MedSci原创

上海交通大学药学院傅磊课题组和斯坦福大学的科学家们设计了一类新化合物,2-(2-(4-甲基噻唑-5-基)乙氧基)-2-氧乙基三唑的三苯基膦衍生物(简称TPP-噻唑,是Mito-Fu家族的成员)。这项研

上海交通大学药学院傅磊课题组和斯坦福大学的科学家们设计了一类新化合物,2-(2-(4-甲基噻唑-5-基)乙氧基)-2-氧乙基三唑的三苯基膦衍生物(简称TPP-噻唑,是Mito-Fu家族的成员)。这项研究于2020年4月17日发表在顶级科研期刊《PNAS》上,题目为“Moderation of mitochondrial respiration mitigates metabolic syndrome of aging” 。

在这篇文章中,科学家们设计了一类新化合物,2-(2-(4-甲基噻唑-5-基)乙氧基)-2-氧乙基三唑的三苯基膦衍生物(简称TPP-噻唑,是Mito-Fu家族的成员)。在小鼠体内,这类化合物能精准地靶向线粒体,缓解衰老相关的疾病,阻止年龄相关性肥胖和血糖并发症的发生,并延长小鼠健康寿命。

这项研究源自于一类仿生化合物的合成,该化合物模拟线粒体中的细胞色素c氧化酶(CcO)。基于这种模拟酶,斯坦福大学Collman教授的研究团队发现了一系列新的化合物

该论文的通讯作者、上海交通大学药学院傅磊教授说,“我们发现了一种独特的作用机制,它可以提高模型动物的线粒体数量和质量。从小鼠身上观察到的这些令人信服的结果表明,基于这种独特的机制,这类化合物值得进一步研究,并会有许多潜在的临床应用。”

物质的名字叫做TPP-噻唑(TPP-thiazole),它的结构并不复杂,一个噻唑连在一个三苯基膦离子上,功能更是质朴,轻度的抑制线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶(CcO),从而微弱的降低线粒体的ATP合成效率。研究人员把它以极低的剂量(90mg/每公斤体重/每日)混入2个月大的小鼠的日常饮水中,进行了16个月的长期喂食(后称TPPT小鼠),然后TPP-噻唑的表演就开始了。

从细胞层面开始说:最能反映线粒体功能的指标包括小鼠体内电子传递链强度、编码线粒体呼吸链复合酶基因的表达水平和线粒体数量等,这些指标在TPPT小鼠体内的衰退速度均大幅降低。

图1.jpg

不仅是功效,这些小鼠衰老后,线粒体的健康水平也要明显高于其他同龄小鼠。线粒体维持自身健康状态的主要机制之一,是通过PGC-1α、Sirt1、Nrf1等多种蛋白的协调合作,引发线粒体自噬,消除不健康的线粒体。编码这几种蛋白的基因表达水平,尤其是PGC-1α,在TPPT小鼠体内都表现出了显著的提升。

图2.jpg

线粒体更健康,生产的不良副产品也就更少,这其中最关键的自然要数活性氧(ROS)。活性氧是线粒体在产能过程中所制造的一种自由基,它的累积会造成DNA损伤,引发P16和P21两种衰老标识的表达,这一现象目前被认为是衰老的根源和标志之一[2]。相对于普通老年小鼠,TPPT小鼠体内P16和P21的表达水平降低了三倍有余,活性氧水平更是减少了四倍之多。

所以这些听起来很厉害的改变对我们的身体来说意味着什么?首先,苗条了。TPPT小鼠从5个月大开始体重就比其他同龄小鼠低15%左右,这个数字在进入老年后(18个月)扩大到了22%,在雌性小鼠中甚至更高。

研究人员还让一批小鼠进行了为期8周的高脂肪进食,发现TPPT小鼠的体重更不容易被高脂肪食物所影响,体重上涨的幅度明显低于其他小鼠。更关键的是,后续的x光分析和解刨均显示,普通小鼠与TPPT小鼠的体重差异,基本全部来自于脂肪,而不是由于TPP-噻唑影响了ATP合成从而引发了发育问题。

考虑到此前观测到,PGC-1α蛋白水平的大幅升高,研究人员推测TPP-噻唑改善了小鼠的脂肪代谢。PGC-1α除了负责协调线粒体自噬外,还有一项重要功能就是调节脂肪累积,预防饮食引发的肥胖。后续对TPPT小鼠白色脂肪组织中脂肪累积相关基因ASC1和Wdnm1-like的检测印证了这一推测。

体重低还有一个更明显的原因,TPPT小鼠在进入老年后更爱运动了,它们的运动量比其他同龄小鼠多了近50%,而且饭量还没有任何增长。这一发现让笔者想起之前时光派介绍过的一项关于适度运动能使肌肉干细胞保持年轻的研究,想必这种现象也发生在了TPPT小鼠身上。

然后就是炎症,慢性炎症作为衰老的另一项标志,在TPPT小鼠体内也表现出了明显的降低。它们体内的TNFα、IL-6、CRP和CD68等炎症指标都表现出了极大幅度的下降,其中TNFa和IL-6比普通老年小鼠低近15倍,CD68低近10倍。

最后是血糖,TPP-噻唑使老年小鼠的血糖水平降低了24%,同时还不影响血液中的胰岛素水平,这一结果立刻让研究人员意识到TPP-噻唑在治疗糖尿病上的潜力,于是他们让患有2型糖尿病的小鼠进行了为期10周的TPP摄入。结果小鼠第一周血糖就降低了20%,第二周血糖水平直接达到健康标准,然后在之后八周中一直稳定在这一水平。

不仅如此,TPPT小鼠的“白头发”甚至都变少了。而且,在这个持续了近20个月的研究中,TPP-噻唑没有在任何一只小鼠上表现出任何副作用。

“我们已经证明,Mito-Fu系列的一个成员可以促进新陈代谢,缓解衰老并发症。新的衍生化合物正在进一步的研究中。未来的研究会在更大的动物身上测试这些药物,并最终用到人身上。”傅磊教授说到,“目前我们已经合成了大量具有活性的低毒性小分子化合物,还发现了提高这类新药活性的简单策略。深入了解其作用机制使我们能够开发出活性更好的化合物,针对特定疾病予以临床干预。”

斯坦福大学的Collman教授强调:“这项研究报道了一种新型、无害的药物,它能抑制小鼠的呼吸,大大降低衰老的不利影响,并促进新的线粒体产生。线粒体是所有依赖空气生存动物的能量工厂。Mito-Fu是一类水溶性化合物,还可以用来治疗II型糖尿病和炎症相关的疾病。”
 
原始出处:
 
 M. Tavallaie, R. Voshtani, X. Deng, Y. Qiao, F. Jiang, J. P. Collman, L. Fu, “Moderation of Mitochondrial Respiration Mitigates Metabolic Syndrome of Aging” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917948117

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    2020-05-02 CHANGE

    疗效只是效果的众多方面之一,还要看对患者的获益,包括生活质量等因素共同决定效果的

    0

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