维生素D和钙片长期服用致癌?又是对科学研究的错误解读!

2019-04-20 学术经纬 e药环球

不知从什么时候起,补钙成了热门,几乎有了“全民补钙”的说法。谁知道,这两天出来一篇文章《维D和钙片跌下神坛,被曝长期服用致癌》,几乎把人吓得手里的钙片掉了一地。

不知从什么时候起,补钙成了热门,几乎有了“全民补钙”的说法。谁知道,这两天出来一篇文章《维D和钙片跌下神坛,被曝长期服用致癌》,几乎把人吓得手里的钙片掉了一地。

这篇文章不像有些谣言那样完全凭空捏造,而是举出了一项有鼻子有眼的科学研究。这项研究发表在大名鼎鼎的医学学术期刊上,研究者也是来自美国的著名大学。这下不由得不信了吧?

要说好奇心真不是个好东西,虽然我被标题吓得不轻,但还是壮着胆子继续看下去。

这篇网文还非常详细地描述了研究过程:

塔夫茨大学的研究人员们做了这样一个实验,他们首先选取了多名实验参与者,并把他们平均分成了两组。一组,是30天内服用过维生素D或钙片等膳食补充剂的人,另一组,则是从不服用膳食补充剂的人,只通过饮食获取维生素D和钙。本次,塔夫茨大学的研究人员们用维生素D和钙片作为实验补充剂,来分别测试它们对人体的影响。注意,本次试验中的维生素D和钙片的吃法也有分类,部分志愿者只吃维生素D,部分只吃钙片,另有部分两者一同服用。60天很快就过去了,包括张芳芳博士在内的所有研究人员都迫不及待地等待实验报告的出炉,而结果,却让所有人感到一丝寒意…实验结果表明,只吃含有维生素D和钙饮食的实验组志愿者身体一切正常,并且,实验数据显示,维生素D和钙对他们的身体有益——降低了死亡几率。然而,只靠补充剂补充维生素D和钙片的实验者,就没那么幸运了…结果显示,这批只靠补充剂补充维生素D和钙片的实验者身体非但没有更健康,反而出现了一些潜在的健康危害,甚至与癌症风险有关。张芳芳博士表示,这批实验者的癌症死亡率增至了53%!

看到这里,聪明的你是否感觉有点蹊跷?我们知道,从接触危险因素到发生癌症往往需要几十年时间,怎么可能短短60天就得出癌症死亡率增加53%的结果?这项研究到底是怎么回事?带着这个疑问,我找到了研究论文的原文。一看,根本不是那么回事!

这项研究采用的数据来自1999年-2010年间开展的美国国家健康和营养调查,共纳入3万多名20岁及以上美国成年人的数据。研究人员收集了受试者过去24小时内的饮食情况和过去30天内服用膳食补充剂的情况,并与美国全国死亡统计数据相结合,目的是评估营养素摄入量及来源与全因死亡、血管疾病死亡和癌症死亡之间的关联。在平均约6年(不是60天!)的随访期间,共发生了3613例死亡,包括945例血管死亡和805例癌症死亡。

这项研究所分析的营养素不仅仅是维生素D和钙,还包括其他多种维生素和矿物质。

统计分析发现,充分的营养摄入确实有益长寿:适量摄入维生素K和镁与死亡风险降低有关;适量摄入维生素A,维生素K和锌与心血管死亡风险降低有关。适量摄入指达到或高于估计的平均需要量或美国营养学会推荐的摄入水平。

但是,当研究人员考虑了营养素来源后发现:与死亡风险降低有关的,仅限于食物来源的营养素;而膳食补充剂来源的营养素,却跟死亡风险降低没有关系。

研究人员还发现,即使对于那些食物来源营养摄入量偏低的人群,膳食补充剂也没有降低他们的死亡风险。

敲黑板!接下来就到了网文中提到的钙和维生素D的数据了:膳食补充剂中的钙摄入过量(≥1000mg/天)与癌症死亡风险增加53%有关,而食物中的钙摄入量则没有影响。还有迹象表明,没有维生素D缺乏问题的人群,如果额外服用维生素D补充剂,可能会导致全因死亡风险增加34%,癌症死亡风险增加超过一倍。

读者可能会说了,癌症死亡风险增加53%,这不是跟网上流传那篇文章的结论一样吗?就算人家描写的研究过程是错的,可结果是对的呀!

这就涉及到我们怎么看待单项科学研究结果的问题了。医学研究,根据其方法的不同,结果的说服力也有强有弱。比如这项研究,依据的是受试者自己报告的膳食营养情况,而且只是收集了某一个时间节点的数据,这种方法的可靠程度是存在局限性的。

另外,经常看e药环球的读者可能记得,我们以前讲过,这种类型的研究,只能得出相关关系,而相关关系并不代表直接的因果关系。

相关性≠因果关系

所以,虽然在很高大上的医学期刊上发表了,这仍然只是一个很初步的研究,要想得出更可靠的结论,还需要进一步的研究。

这项研究能告诉我们什么?

在这项研究中,与癌症死亡风险增加53%有关的钙补充剂摄入量超过了1000mg/天,这实际上超出了膳食指南的推荐量。我国膳食指南建议的钙摄入量为:中青年800mg/天,老年人1000mg/天。也就是说,即使通过膳食补充剂来补充膳食中不足的钙,也不需要超过1000mg/天。这下,是不是放心了?

另外,这虽然是一项初步研究,但还是能够提供一些有价值的信息,那就是:最好的营养来自全面、均衡的饮食。平时胡吃海喝或挑肥拣瘦,却指望靠吃保健品来补充营养,很可能是缘木求鱼。这一点其实我们过去也经常强调。

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    2020-12-04 孙寅

    学习了

    0

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    2019-04-21 jambiya
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    2019-04-21 snf701212
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904851, encodeId=d800904851b5, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1be65441329, createdName=孙寅, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 14:01:48 CST 2020, time=2020-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370976, encodeId=445713e09763b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568450, encodeId=111e156845050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b5c91852e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91852, encryptionId=3b5c91852e0, topicName=误解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3eeb15379220, createdName=snf701212, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364981, encodeId=6b8736498121, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37622580448, createdName=125a288cm13暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 20:46:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364951, encodeId=1bf73649518a, content=学习一下,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 11:25:48 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364950, encodeId=50f636495094, content=受用了,什么都有个量, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b1da2534721, createdName=1250bd38m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 10:43:12 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364946, encodeId=146f36494668, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 09:52:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364942, encodeId=6cdd364942c7, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 08:55:14 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-20 125a288cm13暂无昵称

    谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904851, encodeId=d800904851b5, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1be65441329, createdName=孙寅, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 14:01:48 CST 2020, time=2020-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370976, encodeId=445713e09763b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568450, encodeId=111e156845050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b5c91852e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91852, encryptionId=3b5c91852e0, topicName=误解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3eeb15379220, createdName=snf701212, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364981, encodeId=6b8736498121, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37622580448, createdName=125a288cm13暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 20:46:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364951, encodeId=1bf73649518a, content=学习一下,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 11:25:48 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364950, encodeId=50f636495094, content=受用了,什么都有个量, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b1da2534721, createdName=1250bd38m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 10:43:12 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364946, encodeId=146f36494668, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 09:52:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364942, encodeId=6cdd364942c7, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 08:55:14 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-20 天地飞扬

    学习一下,谢谢分享!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904851, encodeId=d800904851b5, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1be65441329, createdName=孙寅, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 14:01:48 CST 2020, time=2020-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370976, encodeId=445713e09763b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568450, encodeId=111e156845050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b5c91852e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91852, encryptionId=3b5c91852e0, topicName=误解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3eeb15379220, createdName=snf701212, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364981, encodeId=6b8736498121, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37622580448, createdName=125a288cm13暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 20:46:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364951, encodeId=1bf73649518a, content=学习一下,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 11:25:48 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364950, encodeId=50f636495094, content=受用了,什么都有个量, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b1da2534721, createdName=1250bd38m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 10:43:12 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364946, encodeId=146f36494668, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 09:52:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364942, encodeId=6cdd364942c7, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 08:55:14 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-20 1250bd38m78暂无昵称

    受用了,什么都有个量

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904851, encodeId=d800904851b5, content=学习了 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1be65441329, createdName=孙寅, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 14:01:48 CST 2020, time=2020-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1370976, encodeId=445713e09763b, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c39864991e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86499, encryptionId=9c39864991e, topicName=致癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2c25323, createdName=jambiya, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1568450, encodeId=111e156845050, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b5c91852e0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误解#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91852, encryptionId=3b5c91852e0, topicName=误解)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3eeb15379220, createdName=snf701212, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 23:29:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364981, encodeId=6b8736498121, content=谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=37622580448, createdName=125a288cm13暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 20:46:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364951, encodeId=1bf73649518a, content=学习一下,谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 11:25:48 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364950, encodeId=50f636495094, content=受用了,什么都有个量, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b1da2534721, createdName=1250bd38m78暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 10:43:12 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364946, encodeId=146f36494668, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 09:52:42 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364942, encodeId=6cdd364942c7, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18741984753, createdName=smartxiuxiu, createdTime=Sat Apr 20 08:55:14 CST 2019, time=2019-04-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-20 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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