Meta分析软件—RevMan5.0使用中文指南（5）
2013-05-26 MedSci MedSci原创
PART 5 - Data and analyses 第五章 数据与分析 Adding comparisons and outcomes 第一节 增加比较和结局 Entering dichotomous data 第二节 输入二分类变量数据 Changing outcome properties 第三节 改变结局属性 Adding subgr
PART 5 - Data and analyses
第五章 数据与分析
Adding comparisons and outcomes
第一节 增加比较和结局
Entering dichotomous data
第二节 输入二分类变量数据
Changing outcome properties
第三节 改变结局属性
Adding subgroups
第四节 增加亚组
Copying an outcome or comparison
第五节 复制结局或对比
Adding a continuous outcome
第六节 增加一个连续性变量结局
Entering data from different scales measuring the same outcome
第七节 处理测量相同结局的不同大小的数据
Using generic inverse variance
第八节 使用方差倒数
Adding a figure to your review
第九节 为你的综述增加图表
Publication bias and funnel plots
第十节 发表偏倚和森林图
Risk of bias graphs and summaries
第十一节 偏倚风险表和总结
Once you have described your included studies, you can begin analysing the results.
一旦完成描述纳入研究的特征后，你就可以通过分析得出结果。
Adding comparisons and outcomes
第一节 增加比较和结局
The first step in analysing data in RevMan is to enter a comparison, describing the intervention and what it is being compared to. Reviews may include one or more comparisons. For each comparison, the next step is to enter the outcomes to be measured. For this example, ‘headache’ will be the outcome. This is a dichotomous outcome, meaning there are only two possible results: headache or no headache.
RevMan中，分析的第一步就是建立一组比较，对比干预措施和对照措施的效应。一个综述可以包括多组比较。建立一组比较后，下一步就是输入测量的结局。比如，“头痛（headache）”就是结局。这是二分类指标，这意味着结局只有两种可能：头痛或非头痛。
1. In outline pane, select Data and analyses.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），点击Data and analyses。
2. Click the Add Comparison button on the outline pane toolbar. This will open the New Comparison Wizard.
2 点击大纲面板工具栏上的Add Comparison按钮（译者注：右键点击Data and analyses，选择Add Comparison也行），会弹出一个New Comparison Wizard对话框。
3. Enter the Name ‘Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee’ and click Next.
3 在名字（Name）里输入“Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee”，然后点击下一步（Next）。
4. Select Add an outcome under the new comparison and click Finish. This
will open the New Outcome Wizard.
4 选择“Add an outcome under the new comparison”，然后点击完成（Finish）。一个New Outcome Wizard会弹出。
5. By default, the Dichotomous data type will be selected. Click Next.
5 选择默认的数据类型（Data Type)二分类变量（Dichotomous）,点击下一步（Next）。
6. Enter the Name ‘Headache’.
6 在名字（Name）里输入“Headache”。
7. Enter Group Label 1 ‘Caffeinated coffee’ and Group Label 2 ‘Decaffeinated coffee’. Click Next.
7 在Group Label 1 输入“Caffeinated coffee”，在Group Label 2 输入“Decaffeinated coffee”。点击下一步（Next）。
8. You will now select the statistical methods RevMan will use. For more information, see the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions on the Help menu. For this tutorial, select the following options:
Statistical Method: Mantel-Haenszel
Analysis Model: Fixed effects
Effect Measure: Risk Ratio
8 你现在必须选择RevMan将使用的统计方法。获得相关信息，请参考帮助（Help）菜单下的Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions。对于本例子来说，选择：
统计方法（Statistical Method）: Mantel-Haenszel
分析模型（Analysis Model）: 固定效应模型（Fixed effects）
效应测量方式（Effect Measure）: 相对危险度（Risk Ratio）
9. Click Next.
9 点击下一步（Next）。
10. For your next action, select Add study data for the new outcome. Click
Finish. This will open the New Study Data Wizard.
10 接下来，选择“Add study data for the new outcome”，然后点击完成（Finish）。一个New Study Data Wizard对话框弹出。
Note: You can also open the New Study Data Wizard by selecting an outcome in the outline pane and clicking the Add Study Data button.
注意：在大纲面板选择一个结局后，点击“Add Study Data”也可以打开New Study Data Wizard对话框。（译者注：在结局上点击右键选择“Add Study Data”也可以打开New Study Data Wizard对话框。）
Entering dichotomous data
第二节 输入二分类变量数据
1. In the New Study Data Wizard, hold down the Control key and select the Deliciozza, Morrocona, Norscafe and Oohlahlazza studies.
1 在New Study Data Wizard对话框中，按住键盘上的Control键，选择Deliciozza、Morrocona、Norscafe和Oohlahlazza这4个研究。
2. Click Finish. RevMan will open a new tab in the content pane showing a data table for the Headache outcome. The studies you have selected are listed.
2 点击完成（Finish）。RevMan在内容面板（content pane）打开一个新的标签页，显示结局——头痛（Headache）的表格。你可以看到选中的研究已在表格中。
3. For dichotomous outcomes, you will need to enter the number of events (in this case, the number of headaches) and the number of participants in each group. Enter the following data into the table:
3 对于二分类变量的结局来说，你只需输入事件发生数（在本例中，即发生头痛的人数）和每组的总人数。将下表的数据输入表格中：
4. RevMan will automatically calculate the risk ratio and 95% confidence interval for each study and the pooled values for all the studies. Use the scroll bar under the data table to scroll right and see these results.
4 RevMan将自动计算每个研究的相对危险度（risk ratio）和95%的置信区间（95% confidence interval）以及所有研究的合并效应值（pooled values）。使用数据表下方的滚动条向右滚动，即可看到这些结果。
5. The results are also displayed in a forest plot. The risk ratio for each study is shown as blue square, and with a horizontal line showing the confidence interval. The pooled result for all studies is shown as a black diamond.
5 这些结果也以森林图（forest plot）的形式呈现。每个研究的相对危险度（risk ratio）用蓝色方块表示，穿越方块的水平线则表示置信区间（confidence interval）。所有研究的合并结果用黑色的菱形表示。
6. At the bottom of the screen under the forest plot is a sliding scale. Click and drag the white controller on the scale to change the scale of the forest plot. Set the scale to a range of 0.02 to 50.
6 在森林图（forest plot）的屏幕下方有规模滑动条（a sliding scale）。点击拖动这个白色滑动条就可改变森林图（forest plot）显示的数据范围。把规模设定在0.02～50。
7. RevMan calculates a weight for each study (for dichotomous outcomes this is based on the size of the study and the number of events). This determines how much each individual study contributes to the pooled estimate.
7 RevMan计算每个研究的权重（对于二分类变量结局来说，研究的样本量和发生的事件数影响其权重）。这将决定单个研究对于合并估计值（pooled estimate）的影响力。
8. At the bottom of the Study or Subgroup column in the results table, RevMan will calculate measures of heterogeneity: the Chi2 and I2 statistics. For random effects analysis, the Tau2 statistic is also presented. In the top row of the table, use the mouse to click and drag the column border to show these statistics.
8 在结果表中“Study or Subgroup”栏的下方，RevMan计算衡量异质性的两个值：卡方值（Chi²）和I²。对于随机效应模型来说，还会计算Tau²值。在表格的第一行中，使用鼠标点击和拖动纵栏的边界来显示这些统计值。
9. At the bottom of the screen under the results table is space to enter footnotes. In the results table, select the Morrocona 1998 study. In the Footnote field, enter the text ‘Unpublished data provided by author’.
9 在结果表的屏幕下方，有一栏空白可以输入脚注（Footnote）。在结果表中，选中“Morrocona 1998”这个研究，然后再脚注（Footnote）栏里输入“Unpublished data provided by author”。
10. At the top of the content pane, click the Text of review tab. Note that RevMan has added a table with a brief summary of the results for this outcome, including the number of studies and participants and the summary statistic.
10 在内容面板（content pane）的上方，点击“Text of review”标签页。注意RevMan自动添加一个表格来总结这个结局的主要结果，包括纳入研究的数目、样本量和效应值。
11. Scroll up to the Results section of the review.
11 向上滚动来到综述的结果（Results）部分。
12. Click the icon to open the Results section, and then the Effects of interventions section.
12 点击“Results”旁边的图标，然后再点击“Effects of interventions”旁边的图标。
13. Click to place the cursor in the Effects of interventions section, and enter the text ‘Caffeine significantly increased the occurrence of headache.’
13 将鼠标定位到“Effects of interventions”部分，输入“Caffeine significantly increased the occurrence of headache”。
14. From the Format menu, select Insert Analysis Results. This will open the Insert Analysis Results window.
14 在格式（Format）菜单，选择“Insert Analysis Results”。这会打开一个“Insert Analysis Results”窗口。
15. Select Headache and click OK. RevMan will copy the pooled result of the Headache outcome into the text of the review. You can edit the text as needed.
15 选择“Headache”，点击“OK”。RevMan将把结局Headache的合并效应值复制到综述的文本视图（the text of the review）中。根据需求，你还可以编辑这些文本。
Changing outcome properties
第三节 改变结局属性
1. In the outline pane, double-click the Headache outcome to go back to the Headache tab in the content pane.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），双击结局Headache返回内容面板（content pane）的Headache标签页。（译者注：直接点击内容面板（content pane）的Headache标签页也行。）
2. Click the Properties button in the top right corner. This will open the Outcome Properties window.
2 点击右上方的属性（Properties)按钮，弹出“Outcome Properties”窗口。
3. Click the Analysis Method tab.
3 点击“Analysis Method”标签。
4. Select Risk Difference as the Effect Measure. Click Apply. Note that the results in the table and forest plot have changed.
4 在“效应测量方式（Effect Measure）”中选择“危险差（Risk Difference）”。点击应用（Apply）。注意表格中的结果和森林图(forest plot)改变了。
5. Click on the Graph tab in the Outcome Properties window.
5 点击“Outcome Properties”对话框中的“Graph”标签。
6. In the Scale field, enter ‘1’ and click Apply. Note that the scale of the forest plot has changed to -1 to 1. You can set the forest plot scale to any value, not only the values available using the slide control in the content pane.
6 在规模（Scale)中输入“1”，点击应用（Apply）。注意森林图(forest plot)的数据范围变为-1～1。除了使用内容面板（content pane）滑动控制方式取值外，你可以使用这种方法将森林图(forest plot)的数据范围设定成任何值。
7. In the Left Graph Label box, enter ‘Favours caffeine’.
7 在“Left Graph Label”中，输入“Favours caffeine”。
8. In the Right Graph Label box, enter ‘Favours decaf’.
8 在“Right Graph Label”中，输入“Favours decaf”。
9. Click Apply. Note that the forest plot labels have changed.
9 点击应用（Apply）。注意森林图(forest plot)中的标签（labels）变化。
Note: By default, RevMan assumes that outcomes are bad (e.g. headache). If you are measuring a good outcome (e.g. alertness), swap the graph labels so that the opposite side favours the treatment group.
注意：RevMan默认假设结局是有害的（比如，头痛）。但是，如果你测量的是有益结局（如警觉），交换图形标签（graph labels)，这样相反的一端倾向干预组（treatment group）。
10. Click the Analysis Details tab.
10 点击“Analysis Details”标签。
11. Under Totals, select No Totals. Under Study Confidence Interval, select 99%.
11 在“Totals”下，选择“No Totals”。在“Study Confidence Interval”，选择“99%”。
12. Click Apply. Note that the lines representing the confidence interval for each study have become wider.
12 点击应用（Apply）。注意表示每个研究置信区间（confidence interval）的水平线变长了。
13. Check the Swap event and non-event option, and click Apply. RevMan will now display results for participants who did not have a headache. The forest plot will be reversed, including the labels at the bottom, and the summary estimate will change.
13 点击“Swap event and non-event”选项，然后点击应用（Apply）。RevMan将显示没有头痛的参与者的结果。相应地，森林图(forest plot)互换了，包括底部的标签（labels），合并估计值（summary estimate）也会改变。
14. Click the Graph tab.
14 点击“Graph”标签。
15. In the Sort By area, select Year of study and click Apply. Note the change in the forest plot.
15 在“Sort By”区域，选择“Year of study”后点击应用（Apply）。注意森林图(forest plot)的变化。
16. Select User defined order and click OK. There will be no change to the forest plot, but you can now re-order the studies in the outline pane.
16 选择“User defined order”后点击“OK”。森林图(forest plot)没有任何变化，但是现在你可以在大纲面板（outline pane）改变研究顺序。
17. In the outline pane, click the key icon next to the Headache outcome.
17 在大纲面板（outline pane），点击结局Headache下方的钥匙图标。
18. Select the Oohlahlazza study and click the Move Up button on the outline pane toolbar. Note the change in the data table and forest plot.
18 选中“Oohlahlazza”研究，点击大纲面板（outline pane）上方工具栏的“Move Up”按钮（译者注：在“Oohlahlazza”研究上点击右键选择“Move Up”也行。）
Adding subgroups
第四节 增加亚组
RevMan allows you to divide outcomes into subgroups. You can add the subgroups when you first create an outcome, or add subgroups to an existing outcome.
RevMan允许你将结局分入亚组。你可以在创建结局时就添加亚组或者在一个已创建的结局后添加亚组。
1. In the outline pane, right-click the Headache outcome and select Introduce Subgroup. A subgroup will appear in the outline pane with the default name ‘New subgroup’. All the included studies will be listed under the new subgroup.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），右键点击结局Headache，选择“Introduce Subgroup”。在大纲面板（outline pane）里就会出现一个命名为“New subgroup”的亚组。所有纳入的研究都包含在这个亚组内。
2. In the outline pane, select the New Subgroup, then right-click and select Rename Subgroup.
2 在大纲面板（outline pane），选中“New Subgroup”，右键点击选择“ Rename Subgroup”。
3. Enter the name ‘One caffeine dose’. Click elsewhere to close the editing box.
3 输入新名称“One caffeine dose”。随意点击其他地方退出编辑。
4. In the outline pane, select the Headache outcome and click the Add Subgroup button on the outline pane toolbar. This will open the New Subgroup Wizard.
4 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择结局Headache，然后点击大纲面板工具栏（outline pane toolbar）上的“Add Subgroup”按钮。一个“ New Subgroup Wizard”对话框弹出。
5. Enter the Name ‘Two caffeine doses’ for the new subgroup and click Next.
5 输入新亚组的名称“Two caffeine doses”，点击下一步（Next）。
6. For your next action, select Edit the new subgroup and click Finish. Note that there is now a separate section in the data table for each subgroup.
6 接下来，选择“Edit the new subgroup”，然后点击完成（Finish）。注意数据表中每个亚组是处于不同部分的。
7. In outline pane, click the key icon to see the studies listed under the One caffeine dose subgroup.
7 在大纲面板（outline pane），点击钥匙图标，查看位于“One caffeine dose”下的研究。
8. Select the Oohlahlazza study and click the Cut button on the toolbar.
8 选中“Oohlahlazza”研究，点击工具栏上的“Cut”按钮。
9. Select the Two caffeine doses subgroup and click the Paste button.
9 选中“Two caffeine doses”亚组，点击“Paste”按钮。
10. Click the key icon to see that the Oohlahlazza study now appears under the Two caffeine doses subgroup. Note that the study has also moved in the data table in the content pane, and the forest plot shows separate results for each subgroup.
10 点击钥匙图标，查看“Oohlahlazza”研究已经位于“Two caffeine doses”亚组中了。注意在内容面板（content pane）中数据表中研究的移动，森林图（forest plot）也分开显示不同亚组的数据。
11. In the outline pane, select the Headache outcome and click the Properties button on the outline pane toolbar.
11 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择结局Headache，点击大纲面板工具栏（outline pane toolbar）上的“Properties”按钮。
12. In the Analysis Details tab, under Totals, select Subtotals only and click OK.
12 在“Analysis Details”标签里，在“Totals”下选择“Subtotals only”，然后点击“OK”。
The forest plot now includes two black diamonds showing the summary effect for each subgroup. Subgroup summary statistics are included in the data table.
现在，森林图（forest plot）用两个黑色菱形表示每个亚组的合并效应（summary effect）。亚组的总结统计也显示在数据表中。
Copying an outcome or comparison
第五节 复制结局或对比
If you wish, you can avoid typing the information again by copying an existing outcome or comparison.
如果你愿意，你可以通过复制已有结局或对比来避免重复录入信息。
1. In the outline pane, select the Headache outcome.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择结局Headache。
2. Click the Copy button on the toolbar.
2 点击工具栏上的“Copy”按钮。
3. Select the Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee comparison.
3 选择对比“Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee”。
4. Click the Paste button on the toolbar. A duplicate outcome for Headache has been created.
4 点击工具栏上的“Paste”按钮。结局Headache的复制品就被创建出来了。
5. Select the second Headache outcome, then right-click the mouse and select Rename Outcome.
5 选择新建的结局Headache，鼠标右键点击，选择“Rename Outcome”。
6. Enter the name ‘Migraine’ and click elsewhere to close the editing box.
6 输入名字“Migraine”，然后点击其他任意地方退出编辑。
7. Double-click the Migraine outcome to open the Migraine tab. Note that all the data from the Headache outcome has been copied across.
7 双击结局Migraine，打开Migraine标签页。注意结局Headache中的所有数据都被复制过来了。
8. Delete the number of events in each group.
8 删除每组内事件发生数（number of events）。
9. In the outline pane, select the Migraine outcome and click the Move Up button on the outline pane toolbar. Note that this outcome is now first on the list, and the list has been renumbered.
9 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择结局Migraine，点击纲面板工具栏（outline pane toolbar）上的“Move Up”按钮。注意这个结局Migraine现在位于列表的第一位，列表被更新了。
Adding a continuous outcome
第六节 增加一个连续性变量结局
Continuous outcomes are measured on a scale on which any value is possible, or that can be reasonably summarised as a mean value and standard deviation. Examples could include height, blood pressure, pain or quality of life.
连续性变量结局的测量值在可以是一个范围的任何值或者可以用平均值（mean value ）和标准差（standard deviation）来总结。比如，身高、血压、疼痛或生活质量。
1. In the outline pane, select the Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee comparison, and click the Add Outcome button on the outline pane toolbar.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择比较“ Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee”，在大纲面板工具栏（outline pane toolbar）点击“Add Outcome”按钮。
2. Select the Continuous data type and click Next.
2 在数据类型（data type）中选择连续性变量（Continuous），点击下一步（Next）。
3. Enter the Name ‘Irritability at 30 minutes (INAS scale)’ and click Next.
3 输入名字（Name）“Irritability at 30 minutes (INAS scale）”，点击下一步（Next）。
4. Accept the default settings for statistical measures. The default measure is the mean difference between the intervention and control groups. Click Next.
4 接受默认的统计方法。默认的方法是干预组和对照组的均差（mean difference）。点击下一步（Next）。
5. Select Add study data for the new outcome and click Finish.
5 选择“Add study data for the new outcome”，点击完成（Finish）。
6. Hold down the Control key and select the Deliciozza, Kahve-Paradiso, Morrocona and Norscafe studies.
6 按住Control键，选择Deliciozza, Kahve-Paradiso, Morrocona和Norscafe研究。
7. Click Finish. RevMan will open a new tab for the new outcome.
7 点击完成（Finish）。RevMan将为新结局创建新的标签页。
8. For continuous outcomes, you will need to enter the number of participants, the mean outcome value and the standard deviation for each group. Enter the following data into the outcome table for irritability:
8 对于连续性变量结局，你需要输入每组的参与者数目、结局的平均值和标准差。在结局表中输入下面有关过敏性（irritability）的数据：
9. You now have summary statistics and a forest plot for irritability. Note that the Norscafe study shows a stronger effect than the other studies. To conduct a sensitivity analysis, uncheck the box to the left of the Norscafe study in the data table. This will remove the study from the meta-analysis without deleting the entered data. Note the difference in the summary estimate.
9 你现在有了过敏性（irritability）的总结数据(summary statistics) 和森林图(forest plot)。注意“Norscafe”研究比其它一年级的效应值都大。为了进行敏感性分析（sensitivity analysis),取消数据表“Norscafe”研究旁边方框中的选择。这样在不删除已输入数据的情况下从Meta分析中移除这个研究。注意合并效应值（summary estimate）的改变。
Entering data from different scales measuring the same outcome
第七节 处理测量相同结局的不同大小的数据
Some outcomes can be measured on several different numerical scales, and your included studies may not all use the same scale. RevMan can combine outcomes measured on different scales by standardising them based on their standard deviations.
一些结局的测量范围相差很大，这样可能你纳入的研究不会使用同样的测量范围。RevMan可以基于研究的标准差（standard deviations）来标准化不同的测量范围。
1. Right-click the Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee comparison, and select Add Outcome.
1 右击比较“Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee”，选择“Add Outcome”。
2. Select the Continuous data type and click Next.
2 在数据类型（data type）中选择连续性变量（Continuous），点击下一步（Next）。
3. Enter the Name ‘Drowsiness at 30 minutes’ and click Next.
3 输入名字（Name）“Drowsiness at 30 minutes ”，点击下一步（Next）。
4. Under Effect Measure, select Std. Mean Difference and click Next.
4 在“效应测量方式（Effect Measure）”中，选择“标准化均差（Std. Mean Difference）”，点击下一步（Next）。
5. For your next action, select Add study data for the new outcome and click Finish.
5 接下来，选择“Add study data for the new outcome ”，点击完成（Finish）。
6. Hold down the Control key and select the Kahve-Paradiso, Morrocona and Oohlahlazza studies.
6 按住Control键，选择Kahve-Paradiso、Morrocona和Oohlahlazza研究。
7. Click Finish. RevMan will open a new tab for the new outcome.
7 点击完成（Finish）。RevMan将为新结局创建新的标签页。
8. As for the previous outcome, you will need to provide the number of participants, the mean outcome value and the standard deviation for each group. Enter the following data into the outcome table:
8 和前面的结局相同，你需要提供每组的参与者人数、结局的平均值和标准差。在结局表中输入下面的数据：
9. You now have a summary estimate and forest plot for drowsiness. Note that the summary estimate is not in units on the outcome scale, but units of standard deviation. See the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, available from the Help menu, for advice on interpreting these results.
9 你现在又困倦（drowsiness）的总结数据(summary statistics) 和森林图(forest plot)。注意合并效应值（summary estimate）不用结局范围表示，而是用标准差范围表示。获取更多信息，参加帮助（Help）菜单中的“Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions”，来解释这些结果。
Using generic inverse variance
第八节 使用方差倒数
The generic inverse variance method in RevMan can be used to analyse other types of data such as rates, time-to-event outcomes, hazard ratios, ordinal scales, adjusted estimates, difference of means or ratios of means. The generic inverse variance method requires a single estimate of effect and its standard error for each study.
RevMan中方差倒数（generic inverse variance）方法通常运用于率（rates）、时间到事件的结果（time-to-event outcomes）、风险比（hazard ratios）、有序变量（ordinal scales）、调整估计值（adjusted estimates）、均差（difference of means）或均比（ratios of means）。使用方差倒数（generic inverse variance）方法需要每个研究的效应估计值和它的标准差（standard error）。
1. Right-click the Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee comparison, and select Add Outcome.
1 右击比较“Caffeinated versus decaffeinated coffee”，选择“Add Outcome”。
2. Select the Generic Inverse Variance data type and click Next.
2 选择数据类型（data type）中的方差倒数（generic inverse variance），点击下一步（Next）。
3. Enter the Name ‘Depression at 30 minutes’ and click Next.
3 输入名字（Name）“Depression at 30 minutes ”，点击下一步（Next）。
4. Under Effect Measure, select Mean Difference. Note that there are additional options available from the drop-down box under Name of Effect Measure, and you can also click in this box and type the name of another measure of your choice.
4 在“效应测量方式（Effect Measure）”中，选择“均差（Mean Difference）”。注意在“Name of Effect Measure”下有补充的选项，你还能在文本框里直接输入你选择的测量方式的名字。
5. For your next action, select Add study data for the new outcome and click Finish.
5 接下来，选择“Add study data for the new outcome ”，点击完成（Finish）。
6. Hold down the Control key and select the Deliciozza, Morrocona and Norscafe studies.
6 按住Control键，选择Deliciozza、Morrocona和Norscafe 研究。
7. Click Finish. RevMan will open a new tab for the new outcome.
7 点击完成（Finish）。RevMan将为新结局创建新的标签页。
8. Note that the data table for the Generic Inverse Variance method only requires one summary statistic and its standard error for each study. You do not need to enter separate data for the intervention and control group. Enter the following data into the outcome table:
8 注意，方差倒数（generic inverse variance）方法的数据表只需要每个研究的一个总结效应值（summary statistic）和相应的标准差（standard error）。
9. You now have a summary estimate and forest plot for depression. You may also add the number of participants to the results table, although this will not affect the results. Click the Properties button in the top right corner.
9 你现在有了抑郁（depression）的总结估计值（summary estimate)和森林图(forest plot)。你也可以在结果表中添加参与者的人数，但是这样做并不会影响已有的结果。点击右上角的“Properties”按钮。
10. Open the Analysis Details tab.
10 打开“Analysis Details”选项卡。
11. Check the Enter number of participants option and click OK. Note that two new columns have been added to your data table for the number of participants in the intervention and control groups.
11 选中“Enter number of participants option”，点击“OK”。注意数据表中添加了两列来表示干预组和对照组的参与者人数。
12. Enter the following data into the new columns:
12 在新增列中输入下面的数据：
Note: When using the generic inverse variance method for ratio measures (e.g. hazard ratios or risk ratios), convert the summary statistics and standard errors to the log scale before entering into RevMan, and check the Entered data are on log scale option in the Analysis details tab of the Properties window. RevMan will convert the results back to ordinary ratios. For more information on these steps, see the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, available from the Help menu.
注意：当方差倒数（generic inverse variance）方法用于比值（ratio） ，如风险比（hazard ratio或risk ratios)时，在把数据输入RevMan前，总结效应值（summary statistic）和相应的标准差（standard error）进行对数转换（log scale）。在“Properties”中的“Analysis details”选项卡选择“Entered data are on log scale”。RevMan会再次把结果转换成普通比值。获取更多相关信息，参考帮助（Help）菜单中的“Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions”。
Adding a figure to your review
第九节 为你的综述增加图表
A small number of key forest plots can be included as figures in the text of your review. Forest plots for all outcomes will be accessible separately.
在你的综述文本中，将包括一些重要的森林图（forest plots)。每个结局的森林图（forest plots)都可以分开表示。
1. In the outline pane, double-click the Headache outcome to open the Headache tab in the content pane.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），双击结局Headache，在内容面板（content pane）打开Headache标签页。
2. Click the Forest plot button above the forest plot in the content pane. This will display the forest plot as it will appear in the published review.
2 点击内容面板（content pane）中森林图（forest plots)上方的“Forest plot”按钮。这样就可以使森林图（forest plots)在发表的综述中出现。
3. Click Add as Figure. This will open a new tab showing the forest plot, labelled as Figure 1.
3 点击“Add as Figure”。这会打开一个新的窗口显示森林图（forest plots)，名称为Figure 1。
4. In the outline pane, click the key icon next to the Figures heading to see that the figure has been added.
4 在大纲面板（outline pane），点击Figures旁边的钥匙图标，可以发现Figure 1已被添加。
5. In the content pane, click on the Headache outcome tab.
5 在内容面板（content pane），点击Headache标签页。
6. In the Norscafe study, change the number of events in the caffeinated coffee column from 19 to 20.
6 在“Norscafe”中，把“caffeinated coffee”栏下的发生事件数（number of events）从19改为20。
7. Click on the Figure 1 tab again. Note that the numbers have been automatically updated.
7 再次点击Figure 1标签页。注意其中的数据已经自动更新了。
8. Click the Save As button in the top right corner of the Figure 1 tab. This allows you to save the figure as a graphic file on your computer. Click Cancel.
8 点击Figure 1标签页右上方的“Save As”图标。这将把Figure 1作为图形文件保存在你的电脑上。点击取消（Cancel）。
9. Click the Text of Review tab. Scroll up to the Results section of your review.
9 点击“Text of Review”标签页。向上滚动到你的综述的结果（Results）部分。
10. Click the icon to open the Results section, and then the Effects of interventions section.
10 点击结果（Results）部分旁边的图标，然后点击“Effects of interventions”部分旁边的图标。
11. Click to place the cursor in the Effects of interventions section.
11 将光标移动到“Effects of interventions”部分。
12. Click the Insert Link button on the toolbar.
12 点击工具栏上的“Insert Link”按钮。
13. From the Insert Link To list, select Figure.
13 在“Insert Link To”列表中，选择“Figure”。
14. Select Figure 1 and click OK. A link to Figure 1 will now appear in the text of the review. In the published version, a thumbnail image will appear.
14 选择“Figure 1”，然后点击“OK”。文本视图(the text of the review)中将出现“Figure 1”的链接。在发表版本中，一个缩略图将出现。
Publication bias and funnel plots
第十节 发表偏倚和森林图
RevMan allows you to create funnel plots to test your review for publication bias.
RevMan允许你创建漏斗图（funnel plots)来检查你的综述中的发布偏倚（publication bias）。
1. In the content pane, click on the Headache outcome tab.
1 在内容面板（content pane），点击结局Headache标签页。
2. Click the Funnel plot button above the forest plot. This will open a funnel plot for this outcome.
2 点击森林图（forest plot）上方的“Funnel plot”按钮。一个漏斗图（funnel plots)就创建好了。
3. To add this plot as a figure in your review, click Add as Figure. The figure will be added in the outline pane as Figure 2. You could now add a link to this figure in the text of the review, as you did for Figure 1.
3 为了把漏斗图（funnel plots)作为图表加入你的综述，点击“Add as Figure”。这个漏斗图（funnel plots)在大纲面板（outline pane）中显示为Figure 2。和Figure 1的情况一样，你可以在文本视图（the text of the review）中添加这Figure 2的链接。
Note: A funnel plot is not usually created for such a small number of studies. For more information on publication bias, see the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, available from the Help menu.
注意：通常小样本量的研究不用创建漏斗图（funnel plots)。获得关于发布偏倚（publication bias）的更多信息，去参考帮助（Help）菜单下的“Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions”。
Risk of bias graphs and summaries
第十一节 偏倚风险表和总结
1. In the outline pane, select Figures.
1 在大纲面板（outline pane），选择“Figures”。
2. Click the Add Figure button on the outline pane toolbar. This will open the New Figure Wizard.
2 点击大纲面板工具栏（outline pane toolbar）上的“Add Figure”按钮。一个“New Figure Wizard”对话过将弹出。
3. Select Risk of bias graph and click Next.
3 选择“Risk of bias graph”，然后点击下一步（Next）。
4. Click Finish. RevMan will create a graphical representation of the judgments (yes, no and unclear) entered in your Risk of bias tables.
4 点击完成（Finish）。RevMan将图形化表示你偏倚风险表（Risk of bias tables）中的判断（是、否和不清楚）。
5. Repeat steps 1 and 2. This time select Risk of bias summary.
5 重复步骤1和2。这次选择“Risk of bias summary”。
6. Click Next and then Finish. RevMan will create an alternative graphical representation of the judgments in the Risk of bias tables. You can now add links to either of these figures in the text of the review.
6 点击下一步（Next）和完成（Finish）。RevMan使用另外一种图形化表示你偏倚风险表（Risk of bias tables）中的判断。你可以在文本视图（the text of the review）中添加这些图表的链接。
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本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料，版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权，任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载，授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章，或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章，仅系出于传递更多信息之目的，本站仅负责审核内容合规，其内容不代表本站立场，本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系，我们将立即进行删除处理。
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