BioRxiv:啥!?上帝的剪刀手CRISPR/Cas9或在人体无效,斯坦福大学科学家在七成人体内发现Cas9同源蛋白抗体

2018-01-09 代丝雨 奇点网

2017年可谓是基因治疗大放异彩的一年,在镰状细胞病、脊髓性肌萎缩症、血友病等绝症上,基因治疗屡斩奇功,不得不让人心生期待。而在基因治疗大家庭里,CRISPR更是让科学家寄予厚望。

2017年可谓是基因治疗大放异彩的一年,在镰状细胞病、脊髓性肌萎缩症、血友病等绝症上,基因治疗屡斩奇功,不得不让人心生期待。而在基因治疗大家庭里,CRISPR更是让科学家寄予厚望。

科学家的期待不难理解。CRISPR快速、精准、体量小、自由度高,不管是用作科研工具还是治疗手段都十分得力,不愧“基因魔剪”的称号。短短十年内,CRISPR已站上风口,无数研究者与企业跟上时代的列车,国内研究者也不甘落后,在CRISPR治疗癌症的临床领域,甚至已先于美国一步展开了临床试验。

然而,这把熊熊燃烧火炬,真的如看起来的那样旺盛吗?

近日,斯坦福大学Matthew H. Porteus教授团队一项研究发现,在七成的健康人体内发现了Cas9蛋白同源物抗体,近半数人具有Cas9蛋白同源物的抗原特异性T细胞。Cas9是目前CRISPR技术使用最广泛的工具蛋白。这项研究的结果意味着,在大部分人体内原本就存在着针对Cas9蛋白的体液免疫和细胞免疫,CRISPR/Cas9在实际人体中的应用效果将很难保证,甚至有可能引发严重的免疫反应。


Matthew H. Porteus教授

CRISPR/Cas9是一种源自于微生物的基因编辑系统,目前使用最广泛的Cas9蛋白是来自金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的SaCas9和来自化脓链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)的SpCas9。

这两位可以说是我们人类的老朋友,却并不是好朋友。它们的出现,往往意味着严重的感染。有研究表明,40%的人类体内存在金黄色葡萄球菌,20%学龄儿童体内存在化脓链球菌,而针对这两种病菌的抗体,几乎100%的成人都有。

这不由得不让人深思,来自这两种病菌的Cas9蛋白,是否也会被我们的身体排斥呢?

研究者检测了22份脐带血样和12份健康成人外周血样,利用免疫印迹法对其中的抗体进行检测。抗体能够穿透胎盘屏障,脐带血一定程度上能够代表母体的免疫水平。

结果令人吃惊,在脐带血中,86%检出SaCas9抗体,73%检出SpCas9抗体;在成年人外周血中,67%检出SaCas9抗体,42%检出SpCas9抗体。总的来说,79%具有SaCas9抗体,65%具有SpCas9抗体!



鉴于对脐带血和外周血样本的处理方法有差异,Cas9蛋白抗体可能对处理方法敏感,两类样本出现了略有不同的结果。实际上的检出数字,可能会更高。

研究者进一步利用细胞因子捕捉系统(CCS)检测了血样中的Cas9抗原特异性T细胞。在3份来自健康成人的外周血样中,46%检出了SaCas9抗原特异性T细胞,其中的71%也具有SaCas9抗体;SpCas9则未有检出。但这并不意味着SpCas9特异性的T细胞不存在。实验中,研究者曾检测到SpCas9相关T细胞的蛛丝马迹,但是鉴于CCS系统的灵敏度有限,实验结果无法重复,只能记为未检出。


从左至右分别为样本、阳性对照组、阴性对照组

实验采用脐带血作为阴性对照组。新生儿并未接触过抗原,不存在相关的特异性T细胞。在CCS检测中,接触了Cas9蛋白也没有产生特异性T细胞。这也证明,人血样中检测到的SaCas9抗原特异性T细胞,是原本就存在的,而不是在检测过程中由于首次暴露于抗原产生的。

目前的CRISPR/Cas9技术有体外编辑和体内编辑两个方向。在体外编辑时,一般使用电穿孔转染将编辑系统引入细胞;体内编辑则往往使用病毒载体或者纳米粒子包埋的形式。在这种情况下,Cas9蛋白并不会直接接触到相应的抗体。

但是,Cas9蛋白进入了细胞并不意味着安全。细胞依旧可以通过MHC抗原递呈等方式,通知免疫系统内部有敌。这让免疫系统积极清除经过Cas9改造的细胞,导致治疗毫无效果。考虑到治疗范围,如果改造细胞遍布全身,这种杀敌行为将会造成严重的全身免疫问题。

这意味着,人的适应性免疫将会成为CRISPR基因疗法的巨大壁垒,而且这种风险并不能够在非人系统中轻易排除。



此文一出,CRISPR技术的前景再次遭受市场质疑。纵然未来可能会有新技术解决这个潜在的问题,但短期内,该领域的先锋技术公司必将受到冲击。周五论文发表后,Editas股价下跌0.7%,Intellia下跌2.7%,一直被看好的CRISPR Therapetutics也略有萧瑟之感。

至于如何解决这个问题,Porteus教授提出三种思路。加快Cas9的耗竭、免疫抑制、寻找新来源的Cas9蛋白。不管到底哪个能真的破局,前方的道路必定充满艰辛。

1999年,美国男孩Jesse Gelsinger在基因治疗过程中,因剧烈的免疫反应去世,自此结束了十年间业界对基因治疗的狂热追捧。2017年,CRISPR屡登顶级期刊,2018年预计开展的诸多临床项目看起来大有可为。

一条生命已经足以令技术发展停滞甚至倒退,希望研究者在科学的路上慎而又慎,愿CRISPR这把火长久地照亮未来。

原始出处:Carsten Trevor Charlesworth, Priyanka S Deshpande, Daniel P Dever, et al. Identification of Pre-Existing Adaptive Immunity to Cas9 Proteins in Humans. BioRxiv(2017)

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    2018-09-30 sunylz
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    2018-01-15 jyzxjiangqin

    斯坦福大学科学家的成果.

    0

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content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-10 yuandd
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content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-10 respect
  7. 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level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:31:18 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276804, encodeId=9f462e68047c, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:02:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276799, encodeId=e4782e679958, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-10 yaanren
  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1917867, encodeId=8f34191e86719, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4f26341994' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Bio#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3419, encryptionId=4f26341994, topicName=Bio)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=12de429, createdName=sunylz, createdTime=Sun Sep 30 09:37:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1950128, encodeId=61fb1950128e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f98b15504d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#RISPR/Cas9#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15504, encryptionId=f98b15504d8, topicName=RISPR/Cas9)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, 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level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:31:18 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276804, encodeId=9f462e68047c, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:02:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276799, encodeId=e4782e679958, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-09 Y—xianghai

    学习了新知识

    0

  9. 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level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201006/4db877c2887649beb09cb5effd0b38c7/916f66edd48a4e77b20ebc3e14b6e45c.jpg, createdBy=141e1980133, createdName=Y—xianghai, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:31:18 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276804, encodeId=9f462e68047c, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 08:02:50 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=276799, encodeId=e4782e679958, content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-09 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

  10. 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content=学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/07/17/0ed05bbc4eb124766d2a39104932ec4e.jpg, createdBy=5afd2091871, createdName=情途末路, createdTime=Tue Jan 09 07:42:48 CST 2018, time=2018-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-01-09 情途末路

    学习了.获益匪浅!感谢分享

    0

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