NEJM:生物制剂与常规治疗急性类风湿性关节炎的效果相似

2013-06-20 NEJM dxy

很少有盲法试验对使用缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物常规治疗与生物制剂治疗经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者的疗效进行比较,而上述病情在类风湿性关节炎治疗中较为常见。James R. O'Dell博士等人对此进行了深入研究,他们发现,对于经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者的临床获益而言,三种缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物(甲氨喋呤、柳氮磺吡啶、以及羟氯喹)联合治疗或依那西普加甲氨喋呤

很少有盲法试验对使用缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物常规治疗与生物制剂治疗经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者的疗效进行比较,而上述病情在类风湿性关节炎治疗中较为常见。James R. O'Dell博士等人对此进行了深入研究,他们发现,对于经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者的临床获益而言,三种缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物(甲氨喋呤、柳氮磺吡啶、以及羟氯喹)联合治疗或依那西普加甲氨喋呤治疗相比有非劣效性。相关论文发表于国际权威杂志NEJM2013年6月份在线版上。

研究人员开展了一项48周、双盲、非劣效性试验,对353例经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者进行随机分组,分别予以三种缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物(甲氨喋呤、柳氮磺吡啶、以及羟氯喹)联合治疗或依那西普加甲氨喋呤治疗。根据预设阈值第24周时仍无改善的患者则设盲接受其他治疗。试验主要转归为第48周时类风湿关节炎疾病活动性评分(DAS28)改善。

结果显示,两组患者在最初24周内均显示出显著性的改善(与基线时比较P=0.001)。第24周时,每组均有27%的患者需要交叉治疗。两组需要改变治疗方案的患者在交叉后均获得改善(P<0.001),转换后应答未见显著性组间差异(P=0.08)。两组48周时自基线时的DAS28 评分变化相似(三药治疗组−2.1 VS依那西普加甲氨喋呤治疗−2.3, P=0.26);DAS28变化差异的95%置信区间上限为0.41,低于非劣效性边缘0.6(P=0.002)。次要转归无显著性组间差异,包括放射进展、疼痛、健康相关的生活质量、或治疗引起的主要副作用。

研究人员由此得出结论,对于经甲氨喋呤治疗仍存在活动性疾病的类风湿性关节炎患者的临床获益而言,三种缓解疾病的抗风湿性药物(甲氨喋呤、柳氮磺吡啶、以及羟氯喹)联合治疗或依那西普加甲氨喋呤治疗相比有非劣效性。

相关链接:甲氨蝶呤在类风湿性关节炎治疗中的应用

对于轻度以上类风湿性关节炎(RA)的患者,甲氨蝶呤是最常用的处方药之一。它是首选的改变病情抗风湿药(DMARDs),通过减慢这种病的关节损害进程而起作用。

乔治敦大学医学中心教授、风湿病学的主席、华盛顿MedStar医疗中心医学系的副主席Arthur Weinstein博士解释说:甲氨蝶呤通过减低引起关节组织炎症的细胞功能而起效。少量的关节组织炎症意味着关节肿痛程度减轻。疲乏和晨僵的程度也减轻。

使用简单疗法未改善关节肿痛症状的类风湿性关节炎患者,最可能被给予甲氨蝶呤控制类风湿性关节炎。贝塞斯达美国医药卫生协会消费者药品信息编辑、药学博士、医院管理硕士Barbara Young说:甲氨蝶呤的疗效完全显现可能需要数周至数月的时间。在等待这种药物起效的过程中,患者可能被给予其他的药物,例如皮质类固醇、非甾类抗炎药(NSAIDs),控制病情。

治疗目标是在数月以后症状改善越来越多,4~6月后达到一个稳定的水平。但是甲氨蝶呤并不是对每位患者都有效。Weinstein博士说:“尽管预期目标是是无关节肿、痛,晨僵程度很轻,但是少于一半的类风湿性患者能取得这种疗效”。

根据发表于BMC医学期刊上的一个研究综述(分析甲氨蝶呤疗效的预测因子):男性患者比女性患者疗效更好,,非吸烟者比吸烟者疗效好,改变病情抗风湿药物中首选甲氨蝶呤治疗的患者比在尝试其他药物治疗后再选择甲氨蝶呤治疗的患者疗效更好。这个研究也发现:早期或轻度RA患者使用甲氨蝶呤的疗效比RA病情持续一段时间后使用的疗效更好。研究者指出:如果医生能确认甲氨蝶呤对哪些患者不可能起效,这些患者就免于使用一种潜在的毒性药物。

在3个月的RA治疗后,如果患者的关节炎症和健康状况无明显改善,医生很可能会考虑增加另一种RA药物,特别是生物制剂如依那西普、阿达木单抗、英夫利昔进行治疗。Weinstein说:“RA以这种方式治疗的原因是:早期控制或接近完全控制关节炎症,多年以后关节损害程度会减轻”

甲氨蝶呤的副作用如何处理

Weinstein说:由于甲氨蝶呤影响口腔和胃部的快速分裂细胞,疼痛的口腔溃疡、恶心及腹泻症状在使用这种RA药物的患者中很常见。如果出现腹泻、口腔溃疡、脱水、出血、气促、咳嗽、任何感染迹象或皮疹,立即向医生咨询。甲氨蝶呤会减低白细胞数量,这会增加感染的风险。也会导致脱发、容易挫伤、发热。一些患者在使用甲氨蝶呤一两天后会出现头疼、疲乏症状,甲氨蝶呤口服使用一周一次。

由于甲氨蝶呤会导致自发性流产,使用这种RA药物的女性应该采取措施避免怀孕。如果她们的性伴侣使用甲氨蝶呤,女性也应该避孕。Barbara Young说:“可靠的避孕措施在男性患者停止使用甲氨蝶呤后持续3个月,女性患者持续到月经周期恢复正常。当她们(或她们的性伴侣)正在使用甲氨蝶呤时,如果她们疑似怀孕,则必须立即告知医师。”

为了预防出现口腔疼痛、溃疡及恶心,Weinstein建议使用小剂量的叶酸,每日一次。此外,医生将每月进行血液检查,包括生化分析,监测白细胞数量。监测数月后,血液检测的频率减为每2周或4周1次。伴发肾脏疾病的RA患者尤其易受甲氨蝶呤的副作用的影响,因此可能需要不同的药物治疗RA。

长期问题:可能的肝损害

Weinstein说:甲氨蝶呤引起的肝损害非常少见。但是,轻微的肝脏炎症并不罕见。血液检查能检测出肝脏问题。如果肝脏检测异常,医生可能会减少患者使用这种RA药物的剂量或者暂停使用。随后,医生可能会要求患者以更小的剂量再次开始使用甲氨蝶呤治疗。使用甲氨蝶呤会增加酒精引起肝脏炎症的风险,因此应禁酒。Weinstein说:“过度饮酒联合甲氨蝶呤可能会导致肝损害。”

Therapies for Active Rheumatoid Arthritis after Methotrexate Failure
Background
Few blinded trials have compared conventional therapy consisting of a combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs with biologic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have active disease despite treatment with methotrexate — a common scenario in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods
We conducted a 48-week, double-blind, noninferiority trial in which we randomly assigned 353 participants with rheumatoid arthritis who had active disease despite methotrexate therapy to a triple regimen of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine) or etanercept plus methotrexate. Patients who did not have an improvement at 24 weeks according to a prespecified threshold were switched in a blinded fashion to the other therapy. The primary outcome was improvement in the Disease Activity Score for 28-joint counts (DAS28, with scores ranging from 2 to 10 and higher scores indicating more disease activity) at week 48.
Results
Both groups had significant improvement over the course of the first 24 weeks (P=0.001 for the comparison with baseline). A total of 27% of participants in each group required a switch in treatment at 24 weeks. Participants in both groups who switched therapies had improvement after switching (P<0.001), and the response after switching did not differ significantly between the two groups (P=0.08). The change between baseline and 48 weeks in the DAS28 was similar in the two groups (−2.1 with triple therapy and −2.3 with etanercept and methotrexate, P=0.26); triple therapy was noninferior to etanercept and methotrexate, since the 95% upper confidence limit of 0.41 for the difference in change in DAS28 was below the margin for noninferiority of 0.6 (P=0.002). There were no significant between-group differences in secondary outcomes, including radiographic progression, pain, and health-related quality of life, or in major adverse events associated with the medications.
Conclusions
With respect to clinical benefit, triple therapy, with sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine added to methotrexate, was noninferior to etanercept plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had active disease despite methotrexate therapy. (Funded by the Cooperative Studies Program, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, and others; CSP 551 RACAT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00405275.)

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    2013-06-22 lmm397
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