医学史上的8月5日:成功分离胰岛素,挽救无数糖尿病患者

2020-08-05 五号医生吴昊 五号医生吴昊

1921年8月5日,班廷博士从狗的胰腺中成功分离出胰岛素。

历史上的今天即1921年8月5日,多伦多大学(The University of Toronto)的班廷博士和贝斯特(Charles Best)从狗的胰腺中成功分离出胰岛素,为治疗糖尿病提供了一种最为有效的方法。

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1891年11月14日班廷(雷德里克·格兰特·班廷,Frederick G. Banting,1891.11.4-1941.2.21)出生在加拿大北部的阿利斯顿。他是五个孩子中最小的一个。他先在多伦多大学学习神学,但很快转到了医学领域。1916年,他获得了医学硕士学位,并立即加入了加拿大陆军医疗队,第一次世界大战期间在法国服役。1918年,他在坎布里战役中受伤,1919年,他因英雄主义而被授予军事十字勋章。

1919年战争结束时,班廷回到加拿大,在安大略省当了一名医生。1920-1921年,他在加拿大西安大略大学做骨科兼职教学,期间他还是多伦多大学药理学讲师。1922年,他获得了博士学位。

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早些时候,班廷就对糖尿病产生了浓厚的兴趣。前人的工作表明,糖尿病是由胰岛分泌的蛋白质激素缺乏所致。根据这种激素,舍弗给出了胰岛素的名字,认为胰岛素控制糖的代谢,因此胰岛素的缺乏会导致血液中糖分的积累和尿中糖分的过量排泄。但通过给病人喂食新鲜胰腺或胰腺提取物来补充缺胰岛素的尝试失败了,大概是因为这些胰腺中的蛋白质胰岛素被胰腺的蛋白水解酶破坏。因此,问题在于如何在胰腺被破坏之前从胰腺中提取胰岛素。

班廷偶然在一份医学杂志上读到了摩西·巴伦的一篇文章,其中指出,当胰管被结扎实验关闭时,分泌胰蛋白酶的胰腺细胞会退化,但胰岛仍保持完整。这表明,胰管结扎可通过破坏分泌胰蛋白酶的细胞,避免胰岛素的破坏,从而使胰蛋白酶分泌细胞有足够的时间变性后,才能从完整的胰岛中提取胰岛素。

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班廷决心要调查这一可能性,他与许多人讨论了这一想法,其中包括多伦多大学著名生理学教授麦克劳德。麦克劳德给了他所需的实验室以及设备,并委托当时是一名医科学生的贝斯特当他的助手。于是,班廷和贝斯特一起完成了1921年发现胰岛素的工作。当时,他二人称此激素为isletin(islet小岛,意为小岛里的物质),而麦克劳德主张用一个古老的名称——insulin(胰岛素)。

因为发现和成功分离出胰岛素,评委会将1923年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予班廷和麦克劳德。自此,越来越多的糖尿病患者逐渐能够正常生活。

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    2021-05-21 baoya
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    2020-08-05 洋葱花

    胰岛素的发现拯救了无数患者

    0

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    2020-08-05 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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