Nature:RNA单细胞测序技术意外找到了慢性鼻炎的根源

2018-08-24 小通 生物通

MIT、Brigham和妇女医院的研究人员对来自人类患者的数千个单细胞进行了全基因组分析,创建了炎症期间人类屏障组织的第一张整体细胞图谱,通过对这些数据分析,他们找到了一个可以解释慢性鼻窦炎病因的新机制。

项研究解释了鼻息肉生生不息的背后机制,提示了炎症性疾病新的治疗策略。

慢性鼻炎/鼻窦炎不同于一般的季节性过敏,它可以导致长达数月甚至数年的鼻窦发炎和肿胀、呼吸困难和其他症状,足以让患者感到非常痛苦。部分还伴随鼻息肉组织生长,当鼻息肉发展严重时,必须通过手术切除。

MIT、Brigham和妇女医院的研究人员对来自人类患者的数千个单细胞进行了全基因组分析,创建了炎症期间人类屏障组织的第一张整体细胞图谱,通过对这些数据分析,他们找到了一个可以解释慢性鼻窦炎病因的新机制。

“我们看到上皮细胞亚群的主要基因表达差异,在之前的大量组织分析中,这些亚群是模糊的,”Pfizer-Laubach职业发展助理化学教授Alex K. Shalek说。“当你浏览整个转录组,比较不同疾病状态的患者细胞的数千个基因,你便可以开始理解它们之间的关联,并发现哪些转录程序取代了正常的转录程序。”

临床RNA单细胞测序

去年,Shalek和同事开发了一种新型便携技术,仅需少量临床样本,即可快速测定数千个单细胞的RNA含量,这种技术被称为Seq-Well。

在最新发表的《Nature》文中,MIT以及Brigham和妇女医院的研究人员将这项技术用于分析患有慢性鼻窦炎的患者上呼吸道细胞,他们猜想,上皮细胞的不同基因表达模式或许可以解释为什么有些病人形成了鼻息肉,有些病人则不会。

他们看到了鼻息肉患者和没有鼻息肉患者的基底上皮细胞(一种组织细胞生成干细胞)基因组表达的显着差异。在非鼻息肉患者和健康人中,这些细胞通常形成一层扁平的基底组织,覆盖内鼻腔通道。而在鼻息肉患者中,这些细胞开始堆积并形成较厚的层,而不是分化为宿主防御所需的正确上皮细胞亚群。

组织学观察到这种类型的组织异常已经十几年了,新研究的重点是,鼻息肉患者的基底细胞启动了特定基因表达程序,该程序似乎直接由IL-4和IL-13维持,可以解释它们的钝化分化轨迹。IL-4和IL-13是已知的免疫应答细胞因子,在病理水平上调可驱动过敏性炎症。

当把基底细胞暴露于IL-4和IL-13后,它们就会保留一段“记忆”:从非鼻息肉和鼻息肉中取出基底细胞,在相同培养条件生长一个月,然后暴露于IL-4和IL-13。经过比较,研究人员发现,来自鼻息肉患者的非刺激性细胞已经表达了许多非鼻息肉患者需要受到刺激才能诱导的基因。在IL-4和IL-13应答性记忆特征中,有来自Wnt信号途径(控制细胞分化)的基因。

我们知道,免疫系统的B细胞和T细胞可以储存它们接触过来的过敏原记忆,在下一次遇到相同过敏原时可能会引发过度反应。新研究表明,基底细胞对免疫记忆也有很大贡献。

基底细胞是生成其他呼吸道上皮的干细胞,它的记忆可能影响其随后的基因表达模式和生成成熟的特异性上皮细胞的能力。研究小组注意到,严重疾病患者上皮细胞类型平衡受到严重影响,细胞多样性种类显着减少。

“你知道IL-4和IL-13作用于干细胞,那么作用于成熟的分化细胞就是无效的,你必须抹去干细胞的记忆,才能使系统回到稳态,”Shalek说。“否则,你实际上是治标不治本。”

阻断细胞因子

研究结果提示,阻断IL-4和IL-13可能是治疗慢性鼻窦炎的一个好方法,他们使用阻断这两种细胞因子的共同受体的抗体证实了这一假设。这种抗体已经被批准用于湿疹,并正在对其他用途进行临床测试。研究人员分析了一位鼻息肉患者在接受抗体治疗前后的基底细胞基因表达,他们发现大部分(并非全部)受IL-4和IL-13刺激而激活的基因表达已经恢复到了正常水平。

“这表明,阻断IL-4和IL-13可以帮助基底细胞和分泌细胞恢复到更健康的状态,”博后学者Jose Ordovas-Montanes说。“但是仍然会存留一些遗传特征,所以现在的问题是,如何智能地靶向剩余的这些。”

现在他们正在进一步阐明基底细胞如何储存炎症记忆的分子机制,以便发现其他药物靶点。同时,也在研究其他炎症性疾病,例如常常导致肠息肉和癌症的炎症性肠病肠道干细胞是否也能记忆免疫事件?对肿瘤形成是否有影响?深入研究或许将是设计炎症诱发癌症早期干预的关键。

原始出处:Ordovas-Montanes J, Dwyer DF, Nyquist SK, et al. Allergic inflammatory memory in human respiratory epithelial progenitor cells. Nature. 2018 Aug 22.

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    2019-01-06 liye789132251
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    2018-08-25 哈哈869

    学习了

    0

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    2018-08-25 飛歌

    学习了很不错

    0

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    2018-08-24 zdvfsadb

    学习了

    0

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    2018-08-24 天地飞扬

    了解一下,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-08-24 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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