Ophthalmology:似曾相识的罕见并发症--HORV

2017-10-18 狄宇 协和眼科资讯

2007年欧洲白内障与屈光手术协会(ESCRS)公布一项前瞻性多中心随机对照试验结果:白内障术中常规前房内注射头孢呋辛可5倍降低术后眼内炎发生率。这一结果使白内障术中抗生素预防性应用由2007年30%攀升至2014年50%,因美国缺少眼内头孢呋辛处方用药,万古霉素则成为术中常用预防性抗生素。

2007年欧洲白内障与屈光手术协会(ESCRS)公布一项前瞻性多中心随机对照试验结果:白内障术中常规前房内注射头孢呋辛可5倍降低术后眼内炎发生率。这一结果使白内障术中抗生素预防性应用由2007年30%攀升至2014年50%,因美国缺少眼内头孢呋辛处方用药,万古霉素则成为术中常用预防抗生素。但2014年2例患者白内障术后发生迟发性无痛性视力下降及严重缺血性视网膜血管炎,2015年4例患者出现相似临床表现,回顾病史患者均于白内障术中常规前房注射万古霉素,Witkin等将其名为出血性阻塞性视网膜血管炎(hemorrhagicocclusive retinal vasculitis,HORV)并于美国视网膜专家协会2016年年会上首次报告,提出白内障术中前房注射万古霉素可能导致患者失明。

本研究中Witkin等就HORV的临床表现、治疗及预后进行研究,以提高眼科医师对这一罕见且危害严重的病变得到初步认识。研究共纳入23例患者(36只眼),平均年龄68岁,其中13例双眼受累,10例单眼受累。36只眼均接受眼内万古霉素注射,其中1mg前房注射30只眼,2mg前房注射2只眼,1mg玻璃体腔注射1只眼,10mg/500ml灌注液内术中使用2只眼。

36只眼共同临床表现:白内障术中预防性使用万古霉素;术后迟发性(≤14d)无痛性视力下降;相对轻度前房和玻璃体炎症反应,无前房积脓;视网膜血管炎、视网膜血管阻塞、静脉无明显扩张及迂曲;视网膜大片无灌注区(重者可累及黄斑);沿视网膜小静脉分布的片状或融合视网膜内出血;预后差,常伴发新生血管青光眼;OCT示内层视网膜上皮增厚,反射信号增强,常不伴黄斑囊样水肿。根据患者病史及临床表现Witkin等提出HORV的诊断标准见表2。

治疗方案:

16例(70%)接受全身糖皮质激素治疗,10例(43%)接受全身抗病毒药物治疗,2例(9%)接受全身抗血小板药物治疗。21只眼(58%)接受抗-VEGF药物治疗,16只眼接受(44%)全视网膜光凝,9只眼(25%)接受玻璃体切除术,3只眼(8%)接受眼内糖皮质激素植入,7只眼因误诊眼内炎玻璃体腔再次注射万古霉素。

预后:

患者视力预后较差,22只眼(61%)视力≤20/200,8只眼无光感,6只眼视力≥20/40,再次接受玻璃体腔注射万古霉素7只眼,其中5只眼无光感,1只眼视力20/800,1只眼视力20/400。

Witkin等提出HORV可能是对万古霉素3型迟发性超敏反应,3型超敏反应通常影响毛细血管后小静脉,这与HORV视网膜小静脉出现白鞘及片状融合状出血眼底表现相吻合,同时术后迟发性视力下降,提示HORV并非药物毒性所致。此外Witkin提出治疗HORV可应用全身及眼内糖皮质激素控制初始炎症,当患者伴发新生血管性青光眼可行玻璃体腔内注射抗-VEGF药物及全视网膜光凝,另外提出若疑诊HORV的患者避免再次眼内注射万古霉素防止病情恶化。



表2 HORV诊断标准



图1 A、B 双眼HORV患者广角眼底彩照,弥漫性周边视网膜血管阻塞,视网膜静脉白鞘,沿视网膜小静脉分布片状视网膜内出血,左眼可见黄斑区因缺血变白。C、D 双眼HRVO患者FFA,右眼可见周边视网膜严重缺血,左眼可见大片无灌注区。



图2 C HORV患眼OCT可见内层神经上皮变厚,其内可见高反射信号,不伴黄斑囊样水肿。

短评:

该研究报道了23例患者36只眼因白内障术中预防性使用万古霉素,术后发生出血性阻塞性视网膜血管炎(hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis,HORV)而导致视功能严重受损的情况,在万古霉素的眼内应用方面给我们敲响了一记警钟。虽然我们在白内障术中并不常规前房注射万古霉素,但对于术后G+细菌感染的眼内炎、部分可疑G+细菌感染导致的葡萄膜炎,万古霉素玻璃体腔注射仍是我们的首选且切实有效。因此,了解万古霉素眼内应用可能存在的严重并发症并及早发现及治疗非常重要。

该研究将这种白内障术后HORV的发生归结于万古霉素所致的3型迟发性超敏反应,并认为存在一定的剂量相关性,因此,不同人群是否需采用不同眼内注射剂量值得探讨,尤其是对于青少年及儿童患者。该研究还探讨了是否可以通过皮试确定患者能否注射万古霉素,但皮试反应只能发现I型及部分IV型超敏反应,而且皮肤与眼组织对于抗原的反应未必相同,因此注射万古霉素前的皮试并无太大意义。此外,尽管万古霉素已经在眼内炎及术中预防方面应用多年,HORV的相关报道并不多,该研究认为可能与以往将HORV误诊为CRVO、CRAVO、术后眼内炎等有关。值得注意的是,有7只眼因为误诊为术后眼内炎,又额外进行了万古霉素玻璃体腔注药,结果预后更差,其中5只眼最终均无光感。研究指出,若能早期发现HORV并及时全身及局部应用大剂量激素,可减轻炎性反应而获得相对较好的视力预后,因此,术后定期散瞳查眼底非常重要。

但是,该研究对于万古霉素与HORV的因果关系及发病机制仍属于推论,且病例数较少,仍需基础实验及大样本流调结果来证实这一推论,值得进一步研究。——吴婵

原始出处:
Witkin AJ,Chang DF,Jumper M,et al. Vancomycin-Associated Hemorrhagic Occlusive RetinalVasculitis Clinical Characteristics of 36 Eyes. Ophthalmology, May 2017; 124:583-595.

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    2017-10-22 丁鹏鹏
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    2017-10-20 syscxl
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757867, encodeId=11bb1e5786771, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 08:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467238, encodeId=3196146e23840, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Fri Oct 20 14:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541293, encodeId=904915412937a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c961e37307' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#THA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17373, encryptionId=5c961e37307, topicName=THA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=615b13300589, createdName=1249842em13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Oct 20 14:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254244, encodeId=3dae254244d8, content=学习了.涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 19 08:27:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254200, encodeId=4e7c254200a9, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 07:01:44 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254180, encodeId=fb1925418054, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 06:44:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254176, encodeId=d1bd2541e6e2, content=阅读.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 06:38:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254165, encodeId=835c254165d6, content=学习.好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 05:16:25 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-19 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

    0

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    2017-10-19 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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    2017-10-19 飛歌

    学习了很有用

    0

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    2017-10-19 刘煜

    阅读.谢谢分享

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1757867, encodeId=11bb1e5786771, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=84ba49031f9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#并发#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=49031, encryptionId=84ba49031f9, topicName=并发)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a27e37327108, createdName=丁鹏鹏, createdTime=Sun Oct 22 08:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1467238, encodeId=3196146e23840, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ef32e9539e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#罕见#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79539, encryptionId=ef32e9539e8, topicName=罕见)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=29f36868190, createdName=syscxl, createdTime=Fri Oct 20 14:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1541293, encodeId=904915412937a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c961e37307' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#THA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17373, encryptionId=5c961e37307, topicName=THA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=615b13300589, createdName=1249842em13(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri Oct 20 14:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254244, encodeId=3dae254244d8, content=学习了.涨知识, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220115/46bcf39c32de4aa6b45c5f9d66c8ee77/6cb4a20c55bb4b7691122f47747bfca2.jpg, createdBy=9dad1662329, createdName=1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称), createdTime=Thu Oct 19 08:27:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254200, encodeId=4e7c254200a9, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 07:01:44 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254180, encodeId=fb1925418054, content=学习了很有用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 06:44:59 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254176, encodeId=d1bd2541e6e2, content=阅读.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/21/72142930668371951a41ef4ea4b233e6.jpg, createdBy=dcbc1715228, createdName=刘煜, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 06:38:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=254165, encodeId=835c254165d6, content=学习.好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Thu Oct 19 05:16:25 CST 2017, time=2017-10-19, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-19 yjs木玉

    学习.好好好好好

    0

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