Sciemce:饿死癌细胞!这种抗癌药对多种癌症都有效!

2019-11-08 佚名 学术经纬

有人说,癌细胞就像是贪婪的吸血鬼,在人体里不断争夺营养,用来促进自己的生长。也有人设想,如果能堵住癌细胞的嘴,是不是就能饿死癌细胞,治疗癌症?在今天的一篇《科学》论文上,我们看到了这一思路在动物模型里的可喜结果。

有人说,癌细胞就像是贪婪的吸血鬼,在人体里不断争夺营养,用来促进自己的生长。也有人设想,如果能堵住癌细胞的嘴,是不是就能饿死癌细胞,治疗癌症?在今天的一篇《科学》论文上,我们看到了这一思路在动物模型里的可喜结果。

从生理上看,癌细胞需要一种叫做谷氨酰胺的氨基酸,它对于合成DNA、蛋白质、以及脂类来说,都有重要的作用。早在上世纪50年代,科学家们就开发了一种叫做DON的药物,能有效抑制那些使用谷氨酰胺的酶,从而让癌细胞无法“吃掉” 谷氨酰胺。这样一来,癌细胞就会被饿死。

然而一系列临床试验表明,这种药物的毒副作用极大。这也可以理解。癌细胞需要谷氨酰胺,正常细胞也需要呀。把DON就这么直接用到身体里,那还不得影响到正常细胞?

为此,这支研究团队换了一个思路。他们使用的是DON的“前药”。这是啥意思呢?就是说,只有经过额外的代谢,“前药”才会变成DON。在普通的情况下,这种“前药分子”会在血液里循环,而不发挥效果。但在肿瘤微环境中,这种分子的结构会发生改变,变成抑制谷氨酰胺吸收的DON。这样一来,我们可以把药物的效果仅仅控制在肿瘤附近。

“大部分活性药物会处在我们希望它们到达的位置。”本研究的通讯作者Jonathan Powell教授说道。在多种肿瘤模型里,这种药物(红色)能够缩小肿瘤体积,并延长小鼠生存期。

设想归设想,这种“前药分子”,当真能在动物体内起到抗癌效果,而不带来严重副作用吗?为了回答这个问题,科学家们使用了多种不同的小鼠癌症模型,它们分别被注射了直肠癌淋巴瘤、以及黑色素瘤。研究结果表明,在这种药物的治疗下,肿瘤体积均有明显缩小,小鼠的生存期也有所延长。相比之下,对照组的肿瘤体积最多可达治疗组的5倍。

更令人欣喜的是,后续研究表明,治疗组之所以取得那么好的效果,一方面要归功于抑制癌细胞对谷氨酰胺的吸收,另一方面则是因为免疫T细胞不受这种药物的影响。细胞对于谷氨酰胺的抑制有着更好的耐受。

这倒不是说这种药物分子对T细胞不起效。相反,它同样能够抑制T细胞对谷氨酰胺的吸收。但T细胞有着多条生化通路可以使用,一条被抑制了,可以使用另一条来合成DNA等关键分子,而癌细胞则没有这种能力。研究人员们在《科学》今日的新闻报道中指出,这说明这种药物能够抑制肿瘤的增殖,并让它无法逃脱免疫系统的攻击。

另一些科学家们对这项研究也有着很好的评价。一些科学家指出,这是首个表明T细胞与癌细胞对于谷氨酰胺抑制有着不同反应的研究。另一些则认为这种药物“奇迹般地”不影响T细胞,有望成为一种新颖的癌症疗法。

不过我们也需要注意到,许多小鼠中有着神奇疗效的药物,在人类患者里并不一定起效。因此,我们还需要人类临床试验来评估这款分子的抗癌潜力。好消息是,明年科学家们就计划启动1期临床试验,评估该疗法的安全性。我们期待听到更多好消息。

原始出处:
Robert D. Leone1, Liang Zhao1, Judson M. Englert1,et al.Glutamine blockade induces divergent metabolic programs to overcome tumor immune evasion.Science  07 Nov 2019:DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2588

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    2019-11-10 yxch36
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    2019-11-10 jichang