神经变性病临床6大热点问题

2014-01-06 佚名 医师报

神经变性病是以神经细胞变性为主要病理改变的疾病,代表疾病有阿尔茨海默病(AD)、运动神经元病以及帕金森病(PD)。其共同特点是病因不明,暂无特效药,此类疾病的临床诊断和治疗还有许多问题需要解决。 一问:我国神经变性病概况如何? 中南大学湘雅医院唐北沙教授指出,最近 20 年,国内外对神经变性病关注度普遍提高,分子生物学、分子遗传学、分子影像学等技术在国内外的

神经变性病是以神经细胞变性为主要病理改变的疾病,代表疾病有阿尔茨海默病(AD)、运动神经元病以及帕金森病(PD)。其共同特点是病因不明,暂无特效药,此类疾病的临床诊断和治疗还有许多问题需要解决。

一问:我国神经变性病概况如何?

中南大学湘雅医院唐北沙教授指出,最近 20 年,国内外对神经变性病关注度普遍提高,分子生物学、分子遗传学、分子影像学等技术在国内外的发展也促进了对神经变性病的认识。

国内基础和临床研究逐步走向世界前列,疾病认识的提高对防治起到了很大的促进作用。基础研究层面,国内学者提出变性疾病的免疫学机制,如在环境因素、遗传因素基础上提出家族性帕金森病双基因遗传理论机制;临床研究方面,基因分子诊断、生物标志物、分子影像学均可以应用于临床诊断。在诊断技术提高的前提下,药物研发也呈现新进展。

二问:阿尔茨海默病早诊早治需解决哪些问题?

北京协和医院张振馨教授认为,中国阿尔茨海默病的诊治现状与国外差距很大,尤其西部和中部医疗水平较低。总体来说,国内诊断率低、就诊率低、治疗率低,而患病率高,中国患病人数居世界第一。

近几年,在医生的努力下这种情况已有了很大改观。特别是文化程度较高的人群能做到早期就诊,治疗情况也有改善。尽管如此,仅有23.7% 患者能得到治疗。

实现早期诊断才能推迟AD的发生和发展。研究显示,在 AD 出现临床症状前平均20 年,患者就已经开始有病理改变,这意味着临床诊断相对滞后 20 年。如果能更早诊断,就可以用药进行干预性治疗。

中国目前诊断仍不规范,诊断准确性较低,特别是有些疾病容易误诊,如颞叶痴呆易误诊为 AD。不同 AD类型表现不同,治疗方法也不一样,因此亟需规范诊断技术。在患者主诉记忆力变差的前提下,临床询问病史和检查应尽量详实,辨别患者是记忆问题、行为症状或分析、判断、理解能力变差,还是导航能力的差别,这对判定痴呆类型尤为重要。

除了询问病史、体格检查规范化以外,磁共振成像也需要规范。虽然目前能检查磁共振成像的医院很多,但真正达到适合 AD 检查的磁共振序列标准者很少。适合的序列应观察冠状切面,尤其要暴露海马。另外,与痴呆相关的检查程序较少,常规医院仅检查3~4个序列,事实上,应检查 7 个序列才有诊断价值。国际上还可以做到数据分析计算机化,软件分析患者的疾病进程,预估从轻度认知障碍发展成 AD的时间,而国内,这一条件尚无法满足。

脑脊液检查淀粉样蛋白对诊断AD价值显著。另有同位素检查,能清晰地评价神经细胞功能。磁共振成像只能探及脑萎缩等结构改变,但有些患者虽然大脑结构正常,但已失去部分功能。及时检查大脑功能可以实现更早期诊断,进而及时采取治疗方法。目前国内计划拟定相关临床指南,将会对 AD/ 轻度认知障碍诊断和治疗作详细阐述。其包括明确核心医院、城市医院、社区医院的分工,除了药物治疗,如何运用体育治疗、运动治疗、营养治疗、音乐治疗,希望借此延缓疾病发生、发展。

目前全球有 83 种 AD 防治药物在研,但无一研究成功。现在国内学者正在研究一种药物,代号“971”,可对淀粉样蛋白起作用,Ⅱ期临床研究已显示一定疗效。

提高 AD 的诊治能力不是神经科一个学科就能完成的,需要心理科、影像科、同位素科,甚至需要计算机工程系统把影像资料变成软件并自动化地产生数据结果,这样国内医疗效能才能与国际接轨。

三问:运动神经元病的临床特征是什么?

北京协和医院李晓光教授介绍,运动神经元病通常成年后发病,如肌萎缩侧索硬化可引起肌肉萎缩,脊髓小脑共济失调可使患者步态不稳等。

以肌萎缩侧索硬化为例,该病由上、下运动神经元变性导致球部、四肢、躯干、胸部及腹部肌肉逐渐无力和萎缩。通常起病隐匿、进展缓慢,患者最终死于呼吸衰竭。我国发病率为1.5/10万,男女比例 3∶2;平均发病年龄 55 岁,从发病起平均生存期为 3.5 年,5 年生存率仅20%。

虽然大多数患者生存期只有 3~5 年,但也有患者可以生存 10 年甚至更久。如何缓解患者的恐慌,甚至临终关怀等细节,医生们均需要关注。国外已经形成相应指南,治疗的同时尊重患者,主要体现在艺术、科学地告知患者病情。

医生还需注意,疾病之间存在交叉,如很多疾病都会与焦虑、抑郁症状共存。抑郁也可能是这一类疾病的潜在危险因素。此外,神经变性病症状也有重叠。额颞叶痴呆患者会出现无力、肌肉萎缩等运动神经元病症状,运动神经元病患者也会出现行为异常,且这种行为异常的原因不是由患病后情绪和人格改变所引起。因此,需要加深对这些疾病的认识。

四问:改善微循环有多少临床获益?

北京协和医院神经科李延峰教授指出,随着年龄增加,PD 和 AD 发病率越来越高,最大的危险因素就是年龄。最近研究发现,微循环障碍可能与神经变性病显著相关,机制如下。

① 血脑屏障破坏。

② 缺氧和低灌注。脑组织缺血、缺氧状态可导致淀粉样蛋白寡聚反应,进一步促进神经元淀粉样蛋白、磷酸化Tau蛋白水平升高;β、γ分泌酶升高引起淀粉样物前体聚集;星形胶质细胞谷氨酸盐重摄取导致神经细胞变性坏死;线粒体释放活性氧增多,引起神经细胞及内皮细胞坏死。

③ 神经毒性和炎性因子分泌增加,导致神经细胞变性。

④ 神经、血管变化。相关研究显示,载脂蛋白 εE基因携带者脑血流灌注下降;AD、PD、血管性痴呆患者血管通透性增高,80%AD 患者还存在脑微小血管淀粉样病变,部分合并脑白质疏松;病理改变可见微循环障碍,包括血管丝线样外观、毛细血管密度降低、内皮细胞胞饮增加、线粒体数量减少、基底膜胶原蛋白多糖堆积、紧密连接 / 黏附连接减少、血脑屏障破坏。正电子发射计算机断层扫描显示,患者脑萎缩之前即存在葡萄糖摄取下降现象。

⑤ 影响血管生长因子。AD、PD患者脑脊液血管内皮生长因子水平升高,导致缺血、缺氧;促进血管神经增殖的生长因子,如Ephrins、slits表达减少;抑制血管神经增殖的因子增加,如白介素6、肿瘤坏死因子、凝血素、整合素等。

张振馨教授认为,单纯的 AD 或血管性痴呆患者均较少,一般为混合性。AD 常与其他类型疾病共同发生,特别是与微循环有很大关系。临床上虽以在关键部位探及梗死灶为诊断标准,但小血管病变对梗死有显著影响。所以国际上都在研究血液指标、炎症指标、血管因素等,力求发现 AD 致病因素。

很多在影像学发现的白质改变、脱髓鞘并不由血管因素引起,所以只要发现 AD 特征性病理改变即可确诊。但血管改变是否也在其中起一定作用,可以在治疗时试用相应活血药观察。需要注意的是,微出血患者要慎用抗凝药。

李延峰教授指出,已经有证据证明,在 AD 症状出现之前就有血管因素存在,尤其对有家族史或轻度认知障碍患者,适当应用改善血液循环药物有一定意义。

五问:怎样开展有效行为干预?

目前发现,AD 患者参加多项活动比单项活动更能促进脑细胞活跃,如患者欣赏音乐的同时演奏音乐效果更佳。还有研究发现,活动的种类越多,对患者的智力保护作用越大。

另外,开发右脑也有一定作用,因为大多数人是右利手,大脑左半球病变后损害更严重。临床发现左利手、右利手和双利手人群发生 AD 后,对生活的影响程度并不相同。目前张振馨团队正在开展相关治疗研究,也在努力撰写相应整合治疗指南。

六问:脑深部电刺激适用哪些人群?

目前,脑深部电刺激只能缓解症状,且机制并不清楚。首先应当分析病变过程的各种信息,如在癫痫大发作前数毫秒可见谷氨酸水平大幅增高,可通过药物泵缓解。现在的主要问题是药物泵反应还无法与脑内信息传递速度相匹配。

AD 病变较弥散,很多症状表现在大脑皮层,尤其双侧额叶前部,脑深部电刺激很难发挥作用。除非病变比较局限,集中在海马或内侧颞叶者可用脑深部电刺激干预,这再次显示出 AD 的早期诊断、早期治疗的重要性。

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    0

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    2014-06-01 pullo

    医师报的文字功底不及格

    0

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    2014-01-08 huangdf
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