黄颜教授:入睡期脊髓固有肌阵挛的诊断和鉴别诊断| NCN 2019

2019-09-23 Violet MedSci原创

9月21日,来自中国医学科学院北京协和医院的黄颜教授在中华医学会第二十二次全国神经病学学术会议上就入睡期脊髓固有肌阵挛的诊断和鉴别诊断进行了专题报告。流行病学入睡期脊髓固有性肌阵挛缺乏流行病学资料,很少见,多于成年发病,持续终生。易患因素和发病机制目前仍不清楚。基于肌阵挛只发生在患者由清醒向睡眠或由睡眠向清醒转换的过程中这一现象,推测特定的意识状态可能对脊髓的运动产生有易化作用。有文章报道,179

9月21日,来自中国医学科学院北京协和医院的黄颜教授中华医学会第二十二次全国神经病学学术会议上就入睡期脊髓固有肌阵挛的诊断和鉴别诊断进行了专题报告。

入睡期脊髓固有性肌阵挛缺乏流行病学资料,很少见,多于成年发病,持续终生。易患因素和发病机制目前仍不清楚。基于肌阵挛只发生在患者由清醒向睡眠或由睡眠向清醒转换的过程中这一现象,推测特定的意识状态可能对脊髓的运动产生有易化作用。
有文章报道,179例脊髓固有性肌阵挛(PSM)病例中,104例(58%)报告为FMD,46例(26%)有继发病因,29例(16%)为特发性,在5例病例(分类为特发性)中报告了由放松清醒或觉醒与睡眠之间的过渡阶段触发的PSM( Prepoum阶段)。 

临床表现
入睡期脊髓性肌阵挛是发生在清醒到睡眠的转换期,偶可发生在晨醒的过程中。当患者完全入睡或完全清醒后,肌阵挛消失。
肌阵挛主要累及躯干肌肉,形式多变、强度变化无常。肌阵挛常始于胸腹部,顺着脊柱向上肢、下肢和颈部扩散。可往返反复发生,可单独出现,间隔期长短不一,也可呈丛集性发生。
运动的形式多表现为躯干屈曲,但也可表现为伸展动作,不伴喉部发声。肌阵挛多为自发性,偶可被外界因素诱发。
肌阵挛常导致患者入睡困难。慢性病程,患者可能出现对睡眠的恐惧,出现焦虑和抑郁。也可导致自伤或伤他人。

检查
PSG显示肌阵挛首先出现在脊髓支配的肌肉并向上和向下方的肌肉扩散。仔细分析可见肌电起源于胸段或颈段脊髓支配的肌肉,然后以缓慢的速度(2~16m/s)向远端扩散。
脑电图未见肌阵挛和皮层活动的锁时关系。
脑MRI正常。
脊髓MRI通常正常,偶尔可见局灶损害。

诊断标准
患者主诉突发肌肉抽动,主要累及腹部、躯干和颈部;抽动是发生于清醒放松和困倦状态,患者试图入睡时;出现精神活动和入睡后消失;抽动导致入睡困难。

鉴别诊断
功能性脊髓固有性肌阵挛;
症状性脊髓固有性肌阵挛;
脊髓节段性肌阵挛;
周期性肢体运动;
入睡期抽动;
肌阵挛性癫痢等。



治疗
在症状性PSM中,对原发病的治疗应该是必须的,即使这种疾病在治疗后PSM经常持续。有文章报道,随访126例PSM(70%),平均30个月,PSM缓解41例(23%),FMD23例(22%),特发性7例(24%),继发性11例(19%)。复发24例(13%)。PSM治疗以氯硝西泮为主,65例,有效34例(52%)。
病例报告丙戊酸盐、唑尼沙胺、左乙拉西坦对少数病人也有帮助。

推荐诊断程序
全面评价临床、神经生理和神经影像学检查结果将有助于临床医生建立PSM的诊断,区分不同的亚型。
视频PSG:通过同时记录十几块肌肉,可以比较它们的激活潜伏期和肌肉激活的时间序列。同时还应包括头皮脑电图(至少包括Cz,C3,C4,FZ,F3,F4,参考联耳)和电-眼图(EOG)来监测眼球运动和眨眼;
脊髓MRI;
在临床提示的指导下进行实验室检查,血液检查可能包括自身免疫性疾病和感染筛查

黄颜教授还以病例的形式介绍了该病。



最后,黄颜教授总结如下:
1)PSM是脊髓肌阵挛的一种,在与脊髓细胞相对应的肌肉中(主要是在胸部)缓慢传播,然后向邻近的节段同时头尾端扩散;
2)PSM在近80%的病例中是特发性的(包括功能性),而症状性PSM很少被报道;
3)特发性形式在中年男性中经常发生;
4)特发性主要发生在患者躺下时;
5)PSM的一种特殊亚型是在睡眠过程中发生,引起严重的入睡困难;
6)抽动存在多种表现,在同一患者中应具有刻板性特征;
7)功能起源经常被报道,但在这些情况下,模式通常是完全不同的(即使出现典型的模式),BP可能被发现。

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