硬膜外麻醉腹腔镜胆囊切除术呼吸心跳骤停1例

2018-09-27 周庆 唐小平 陈毅飞 西南国防医药

女,58岁,身高151 cm,体重69kg,因右上腹不适、隐痛10年,B超检查发现“慢性胆囊炎、胆囊多发结石”入院。拟在持续硬膜外麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。

1.病例
 
女,58岁,身高151 cm,体重69kg,因右上腹不适、隐痛10年,B超检查发现“慢性胆囊炎、胆囊多发结石”入院。拟在持续硬膜外麻醉下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)。
 
患者既往史无特殊,ASAI级,实验室检查:三大(血、尿、大便)常规、出凝血时间、肝肾功能、血生化、心电图、胸部X线片均未见异常。患者入手术室检测血压123/81mmHg,心率86次/min。给予鼻导管吸氧、开放上肢静脉后,选择T9~10间隙行硬膜外穿刺,置管顺利,注入试验剂量2%利多卡因5ml,观察5min无脊麻现象,注入(第1次剂量)1.6%利布合剂10ml(2%利多卡因20ml+0.75%布比卡因5ml);10min后测麻醉平面为T4~12,静脉缓注1/2剂氟芬合剂,患者入睡后开始手术。
 
人工气腹压12mmHg,发现腹肌不松,操作空间不够,硬膜外再注入0.75%布比卡因5ml;5min后将气腹压升至16mmHg,操作空间勉强,但患者呻吟不适,静脉再次给予1/2剂氟芬合剂,患者安静,手术继续。10min后发现患者心率30次/min,紫绀,血压测不出。
 
停止手术,去除气腹,快速补液,静注麻黄素30mg、阿托品0.5mg,面罩加压给氧,但患者很快出现呼吸、心跳停止,心电图波形消失,颈动脉搏动消失。立即行胸外心脏按压,气管插管控制呼吸,静脉注射肾上腺素2mg,无效;3min后再次静脉注射肾上腺素2mg,气管内注入稀释后肾上腺素1mg;2min后出现心跳,10min后患者自主呼吸恢复。因手术创面没有活动性出血、手术步骤未达胆囊三角,缝合、处理手术切口后暂停手术。经后续复苏,循环稳定后转ICU继续复苏。
 
2.讨论
 
LC已成为治疗胆囊结石的最常用方法,但CO2气腹期间由于腹压增高,膈肌上抬,可致平均动脉压、每搏量、心输出量、潮气量和通气量等下降,气道阻力增加,大量CO2经腹膜吸收入血而致高碳酸血症和酸血症。同时CO2在高压下可迅速吸收入血,然后通过呼吸排出体外,因此,呼吸末CO2(PETCO2)的监测可间接反映PaCO2。硬膜外麻醉行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者保留自主呼吸,要求麻醉医师随时掌握患者体内的氧合状况。用脉搏氧饱和度仪测定SpO2以间接反映氧分压变化十分可靠,能在缺氧症状和体征出现之前诊断低氧血症状。因此,PETCO2和SpO2的监测在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中至关重要,能早期预警缺氧,以利及时发现和处理生理功能的紊乱。
 
硬膜外麻醉行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,高平面的硬膜外麻醉、人工气腹、镇静药物等综合因素对患者呼吸和循环功能造成较大干扰,麻醉管理要求甚高,管理不善容易发生严重不良后果。本例硬膜外麻醉用药首次剂量(试验剂量+第一剂量)15ml,麻醉平面上界为T4,人工气腹压达12mmHg,给予镇静药入睡后,发现腹肌不松,操作空间不够,在既未进行PETCO2监测,又未进行SpO2监测的情况下,此时未改行气管插管全麻进行手术,错失了一次安全麻醉时机;其后盲目的硬膜外再次给药,并将气腹压升至高达16mmHg,虽操作空间勉强,但患者呻吟不适,至此仍未改行气管插管全麻,再次错失了安全麻醉时机;之后再次给予镇静药,最终导致患者缺氧而发生呼吸、心跳骤停。因此,硬膜外麻醉行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,必须有可靠的有效监测(包括HR、ECG、BP、SpO2、PETCO2),完善的麻醉管理,尽量缩短手术操作时间,并保持较低的腹内压(气腹压<10mmHg)。遇麻醉效果欠佳时,应果断改行气管插管全麻复合肌松药完成手术。 

原始出处:

周庆, 唐小平, 陈毅飞,等. 硬膜外麻醉腹腔镜胆囊切除术呼吸心跳骤停1例[J]. 西南国防医药, 2017, 27(3):320-321.

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  4. 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  5. 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    2018-10-17 1325221477

    现在腹腔镜手术还是全麻安全些

    0

  6. 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    2018-10-06 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  7. 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  8. 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objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85640, encryptionId=b1fe856407b, topicName=腹腔镜胆囊切除术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a9de34, createdName=zhangpaul93, createdTime=Sat Sep 29 12:44:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  9. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1937150, encodeId=3b03193e150a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c06ae363256' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#硬膜外#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73632, encryptionId=c06ae363256, topicName=硬膜外)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu May 09 09:44:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1679004, encodeId=496c16e900440, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=df0a834328b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胆囊切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83432, encryptionId=df0a834328b, topicName=胆囊切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, 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  10. 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