Nat Commun:纳米技术欲破 “超级细菌” 难题

2019-11-26 佚名 中国科学报

近日,由华中农业大学教授韩鹤友领衔的纳米化学生物学团队在《自然—通讯》在线发表一项研究,为该领域研究注入 “加速剂”。该团队巧妙地利用了α—溶血素能够在细胞膜上穿孔这一特性,通过负载抗菌药物和反应底物,仿生构建了一种类细胞膜包裹的“多米诺” 纳米反应器,实现了细菌毒素触发的级联反应和药物的靶向及可控释放。这个 “多米诺” 过程能够进一步刺激机体免疫反应,达到了药物治疗和免疫治疗的协调抗菌效果。

当人们还沉浸在抗生素发明带来的喜悦时,却未想到因抗生素滥用产生的耐药问题如此棘手。特别是 “超级细菌” 的出现,不仅使临床对细菌感染治疗效果大打折扣,甚至还出现了 “无药可用” 的困局。

为应对这一挑战,全世界的科学家围绕细菌耐药性的相关问题展开了多学科交叉研究。令人欣慰的是,纳米技术的引入为解决这一问题提供了新的策略。

近日,由华中农业大学教授韩鹤友领衔的纳米化学生物学团队在《自然—通讯》在线发表一项研究,为该领域研究注入 “加速剂”。该团队巧妙地利用了α—溶血素能够在细胞膜上穿孔这一特性,通过负载抗菌药物和反应底物,仿生构建了一种类细胞膜包裹的“多米诺” 纳米反应器,实现了细菌毒素触发的级联反应和药物的靶向及可控释放。这个 “多米诺” 过程能够进一步刺激机体免疫反应,达到了药物治疗和免疫治疗的协调抗菌效果。

华中农业大学化学生物学方向的博士研究生吴阳和青年教师宋智勇博士为该论文的共同第一作者,韩鹤友为通讯作者。上述研究成果获得了国家自然科学基金及华中农业大学自主创新项目资助。

“狡猾” 的 MRSA

目前,世界上有六大超级细菌,分别为肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、梭状芽孢杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌属。“细菌耐药问题已经构成了全球重大公共健康威胁。” 中国工程院院士钟南山曾表示,一旦出现严重的耐药,最主要的解决方法就是研制新药。

但遗憾的是,目前世界上还没有治疗超级细菌的特效药。在上世纪 60 年代,全世界每年死于感染性疾病的人数约为 700 万,而这一数字到了本世纪初上升到 2000 万。其中,死于败血症的人数上升了 89%。

临床上由于患者病情危重、多器官功能障碍、自身免疫力低下,侵入操作多、抗菌药物暴露等原因,存在较多多重耐药菌感染发生的高危人群。” 复旦大学附属华山医院抗生素研究所所长王明贵说,“超级细菌” 能在人身上造成浓疮和毒疱,甚至逐渐让人的肌肉坏死。更可怕的是,抗生素药物对它不起作用,病人会因为感染而引起可怕的炎症、高烧、痉挛、昏迷,直到最后死亡。

其中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)最为 “狡猾”。韩鹤友告诉《中国科学报》,MRSA 能够分泌多种毒力因子,使其在宿主中定殖、侵袭和复制。这些毒力因子可以靶向破坏细胞膜,在细胞内发挥作用,并且对其靶细胞具有高度特异性。MRSA 能够造成多种深部感染,例如肺部感染、脓毒性关节炎、心内膜炎、败血症等,还能引起皮肤结构与软组织感染,如脓疱病、烧伤感染、创伤感染、烫伤样皮肤综合征、中毒性休克综合征。

“多米诺” 过程的一举多得

那么,该如何悄无声息地接近 MRSA,进而精准地将它歼灭呢?韩鹤友团队注意到了 Hlα毒素(α—溶血素)的作用。

“Hlα毒素(α—溶血素)有点特殊,它是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分泌的一种穿孔蛋白类溶血素,能够损伤人和动物的红细胞、血小板,促进小血管平滑肌收缩、痉挛,导致毛细血管流阻滞和局部缺血坏死。” 吴阳告诉《中国科学报》,α—溶血素作为 MRSA 分泌的一种主要的细胞毒素,也是第一种被鉴定为造孔剂的细菌毒素。这种毒素通过在细胞膜上形成孔并改变其通透性来破坏细胞。

鉴于该团队之前在智能化纳米材料设计方面的积累,同时又巧妙地利用了α—溶血素能够在细胞膜上穿孔这一特性,他们通过负载抗菌药物和反应底物,仿生构建了一种类细胞膜包裹的 “多米诺” 纳米反应器,实现了细菌毒素触发的级联反应和药物的靶向及可控释放。

“这个反应器能够捕获耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分泌的毒素,内层装载了过氧化钙和抗生素‘利福平’(RFP)。”吴阳表示,当纳米反应器处于室温(25℃)时,内层为固态的相转换材料能够很好地保护过氧化钙和 “利福平”,以防止其释放;当温度达到 37℃(相转换温度)时,内层的相转换材料会由固态转变为液态,一旦遇到耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,细菌分泌的毒素就会被纳米反应器捕获。接下来,Hlα毒素会将纳米反应器表面识别为人体皮肤细胞,并在纳米反应器表面打孔,水分子通过孔道进入纳米反应器与纳米过氧化钙反应,产生过氧化氢,而过氧化氢进一步分解产生氧气,会使纳米反应器体积膨胀,从而促进抗生素“利福平” 的大量释放,产生抗菌、清除毒素并促进伤口愈合的效果。

更为神奇的是,纳米反应器不仅可以有效地吸附细菌毒素,还不会破坏毒素的结构,同时使毒素失去活性,降低对正常细胞膜的损伤。被捕获的纳米毒素通过血液循环呈递给淋巴细胞,刺激机体产生免疫反应并分泌具有中和效应的抗体,实现了对体内毒素的有效中和,最终达到了药物治疗和免疫治疗的协调抗菌效果。

“这正是‘多米诺’过程的精彩之处。”宋智勇告诉《中国科学报》,“超级细菌”的可怕之处并不是无药可治,而是要达到治愈的效果,人体需要承受大剂量的抗生素作用。这样的做法很可能导致 “超级细菌” 被暂时歼灭的同时,又进化出更加耐药的“超级细菌”,另外,人体要承受大剂量抗生素带来的“次生灾害”,可谓“杀敌一千,自损八百”。

力争早日与临床结合

对于此类研究,韩鹤友团队的成果可以说是 “先人一步”。《中国科学报》通过 Web of science 以及 Google scholar 检索(截至 2019 年 10 月 31 日),仅发现美国加州大学圣迭戈分校张良方课题组利用类生物膜和细菌毒素开展了毒素吸附、毒素中和、药物释放以及抗菌和毒素清除的工作。

谈到论文审稿过程,吴阳说,审稿人的意见主要集中在 5 个方面:材料的性质和生物安全性问题、免疫治疗效果、免疫可能的机制、文章格式、材料合成的细节问题。

“我们通过补充、完善系列实验,增加了一些活体实验,还特别请教了相关领域的专家,重新补充、设计了实验,回答了审稿人的意见。” 宋智勇说。

谈到未来如何开展进一步工作,韩鹤友表示,目前他们的研究工作主要是基于小动物活体实验评价治疗效果,还没有与临床医生展开合作。

韩鹤友希望在后期研究中,能够与临床医生合作,从临床中分离出 MRSA 或者其他能够分泌溶血素的细菌菌株,结合毒素打孔以及纳米技术优势,设计更加智能化、多功能化的纳米药物,针对临床中出现的耐药性细菌感染提供新的治疗策略。同时,他们还可以结合细菌毒素打孔和各种诊断策略,实现诊疗一体化的目标,争取早日将科研成果投入临床。

原始出处:

Wu, Y., Song, Z., Wang, H. et al. Endogenous stimulus-powered antibiotic release from nanoreactors for a combination therapy of bacterial infections. Nat Commun 10, 4464 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12233-2

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    2020-10-06 liuli5079
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    2019-11-27 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

    0

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    2019-11-27 14794e5bm67(暂无昵称)

    研究很前沿,受益良多

    0

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