LANCET:太颠覆认知,18国13万人研究显示,高脂饮食竟然可以降低全因死亡风险 碳水化合物摄入量高全因死亡风险增加近30%

2017-08-31 三只奇点糕 奇点网

在昨天的欧洲心脏病学会大会上,加拿大麦克马斯特大学的研究人员公布了他们一项历时10年,包括18个国家13万多人的大型队列(PURE)研究的结果,这是全球首个在经济水平不同的地区开展,将饮食习惯与心血管疾病死亡风险、非心血管疾病死亡风险和全因死亡风险联系在一起的研究。这个大型队列研究可能为膳食指导的制定提供了可修改的“余地”,研究结果以两篇论文的形式同时发表在了《柳叶刀》杂志上。

在昨天的欧洲心脏病学会大会上,加拿大麦克马斯特大学的研究人员公布了他们一项历时10年,包括18个国家13万多人的大型队列(PURE)研究的结果,这是全球首个在经济水平不同的地区开展,将饮食习惯与心血管疾病死亡风险、非心血管疾病死亡风险和全因死亡风险联系在一起的研究。这个大型队列研究可能为膳食指导的制定提供了可修改的“余地”,研究结果以两篇论文的形式同时发表在了《柳叶刀》杂志上[1,2]。

参与研究的18个国家包括加拿大、瑞典等3个高收入国家,中国、巴西、马来西亚等11个中等收入国家和印度、巴基斯坦等4个低收入国家。志愿者年龄均在35-70岁之间,没有心血管疾病史。
 
在庞大的数据结果中,奇点糕给大家划了几个重点,请大家掏出小本本做个笔记:
每天摄入375-500g的蔬果和豆类在降低非心血管死亡风险和全因死亡风险上效果最明显
生蔬菜的摄入也很重要,每天吃2份以上的生蔬菜能将全因死亡风险降低31%
脂肪和饱和脂肪酸摄入较多,全因死亡风险和中风风险下降
碳水化合物摄入较多,全因死亡风险增加28%
 
在第一个研究中,研究人员将125g果蔬(不包括土豆等块茎类)或是150g熟制的豆类定义为一份,经过统计,他们发现平均摄入量为3.91份,但实际上不同的地域差异也很大,中东、南美和北美地区每天可以超过5份,而有些低收入地区则可能只有1份。


全部志愿者、北美/欧洲、南美、中东、南亚、中国、东南亚和非洲(从左至右)水果(红)、蔬菜(蓝)和豆类(绿)摄入的对比,纵坐标为份数
 
在7.4年的中位随访时间内,研究人员共统计到了5769例死亡和4784例心血管疾病。通过计算,他们发现,果蔬和豆类的摄入与心血管疾病的发生和死亡风险没有显著关联,但是非心血管疾病和全因死亡风险则存在显著关联。和那些每天吃不到1份的人相比,每天吃3-4份(375-500g)果蔬豆类可以将非心血管死亡风险降低23%,全因死亡风险降低22%。
 
当摄入量超过4份时,这些风险还是会有很小幅度的下降,不过研究人员表示,对于许多中低收入国家,购买果蔬的成本较高,综合成本和收益,那么3-4份的量可能是最为合适的。所以这就告诉我们,如果有钱且身体健康的话,多吃几份果蔬也是没问题的,不必严格恪守3-4份的摄入量,如果手头拮据,那么3-4份是性价比最高的选择。
 
至于心血管疾病,虽然不存在显著相关性,但是随着摄入量的增加,还是能看到一些好处的,比如在每天摄入量≥8份的人群中,心血管疾病的发生风险就降低了10%,死亡风险降低了27%。
 
当将水果、蔬菜和豆类分开分析时,研究人员发现,水果和豆类的作用更明显些,蔬菜则好像没起到什么作用。不过进一步的分析表明,相对于熟的蔬菜,生的蔬菜才是“蔬生赢家”,因为每天吃1-2份生蔬菜的人比每个月吃不到1份的全因死亡风险下降了19%,超过2份的更是下降了31%!研究人员指出,在南非、非洲和东南亚,人们很少吃生的蔬菜,这是饮食习惯中可以改善的一点。


全部志愿者、北美/欧洲、南美、中东、南亚、东南亚和非洲(从左至右)生蔬菜(红)和熟蔬菜(蓝)的摄入对比,纵坐标为份数
 
在同期配发的社论中,两位研究人员指出,增加果蔬的同时应该减少其他食物的摄入,如含糖饮料、精制谷物和甜点等等,我们的饮食是复杂的,不应该单一的改变,而是应该做出整体的调整[3]。
 
这个结果对于大家来说似乎没有太大悬念,蔬果和豆类对我们有益简直是老生常谈嘛,不过在另一个研究里,奇点糕可就发现了“颠覆性”的结论了。
 
传统观点认为,脂肪摄入过多是不好的,低脂饮食才是王道,此外,饱和脂肪酸也被视为一大“健康杀手”,像动物性脂肪就富含饱和脂肪酸,所以为了让大家吃得又好又健康,有很多商家都推出了植物性脂肪代替,一个特别熟悉的例子大概就是奶油蛋糕了。WHO也在膳食指导中提出,脂肪的摄入应该占每天总能量摄入的30%以下,而饱和脂肪酸的摄入应该在10%以下[4]。


但是这也带来了两个问题:这一指导主要基于从欧洲和北美国家收集的资料,能否直接推广至中低收入地区?而且推荐的科学依据是饱和脂肪酸摄入与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的关系,后者与心血管疾病发病有密切联系,但并未考虑高密度脂蛋白胆固醇等其他相关因素。因此近年来有一些针对性研究对这一指导提出质疑,认为减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入并无益于心血管疾病的预防[5,6,7]。
 
此次,PURE队列研究似乎也给出了答案,这个结果,请大家扶稳坐好,端着杯子的握好杯子,攥着手机的握好手机。
 
研究人员发现,与最低脂肪摄入组(10.6%)相比,最高摄入组(35.3%)全因死亡风险、中风和非心血管死亡风险都更低,下降程度从18-30%不等!而且在心血管疾病的发病和死亡风险这项上,脂肪摄入量与它并不存在明显相关。同样的结论还可以推到饱和脂肪酸上,摄入量较高(10-13%)的人心血管疾病的发生和死亡风险也均未受到影响,全因死亡风险和中风风险也下降了!
 
除了脂肪和脂肪酸摄入量外,研究人员还对碳水化合物的摄入进行了研究,碳水化合物也是我们人体的三大必需营养素之一,我国的膳食建议中指出,健康人群的碳水化合物摄入量应为总能量的55-65%。在新的研究中,研究人员发现,碳水化合物的摄入过多确实不好,摄入最高组(77%)与最低组(46%)相比,全因死亡风险和非心血管疾病的死亡风险分别增加了28%和36%,但对心血管疾病的发生和死亡风险没有明显影响。


脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸和碳水化合物(从左至右)与总死亡风险(上)和心血管疾病风险(下) 的相关性

这个研究告诉我们,碳水化合物摄入量过高会增加死亡风险,而较高脂肪量的食物却不会,这可真是匪夷所思啊。
 
研究人员指出,由于PURE研究的参与者多来自中低收入国家,饮食内碳水化合物所占的比例本就偏高,且多数来自精米、精面这些已被证实与一些疾病发生风险有关的精加工食物,因此推荐减少碳水化合物的摄入是可行的,不过他们不建议将这一比例降至50%以下。
 
至于脂肪的摄入,这次的结果再结合以前的一些相关研究,可真是对现有的标准和观念提出了不小的挑战,WHO制定的两条“摄入量红线”不知道是不是要考虑更改了呢?

不过在如此颠覆的结论背后,作为一个队列的相关性研究,它仍然存在不足,比如除了饮食习惯外,有一些因素在这个研究中没有被考虑,比如睡眠习惯,饮酒以及是否有药物的滥用等等,这些也会影响死亡风险和一些疾病的发生,而且研究中的饮食因素也比较笼统,没有具体的食物成分分析。因此,为了更具有说服力,研究人员还需要更严谨的随机对照实验来证明他们的结论[8]。

原始出处:


[2] Dehghan M, Mente A, Zhang X, et al.Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease andmortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohortstudy. Lancet. 2017;Epub ahead of print.

[3] Toledo E, Martinez-González M. Fruits,vegetables, and legumes: sound prevention tools. Lancet. 2017;Epub ahead ofprint.

[4] WHO. World Health Organization healthy diet fact sheet number 394, 2017. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/ (accessed Aug 19, 2017).


[6] Grasgruber P, Sebera M, Hrazdira E, et al.Food consumption and the actual statistics of cardiovascular diseases: anepidemiological comparison of 42 European countries[J]. Food & nutritionresearch, 2016, 60(1): 31694.


[8] Christopher E Ramsden, Anthony F Domenichiello.PURE study challenges the definition of a healthy diet: but key questions remain.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32241-9

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    2017-10-15 lmm397
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    2018-01-28 howi
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    2017-09-01 yuanming9
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    2017-09-01 pcw111

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