挺过人生最黑暗的一周,她为数百万乳腺癌患者带来了光明

2017-10-14 佚名 药明康德

玛丽-克莱尔·金(Mary-claire King)博士站在有“诺贝尔风向标”之称的拉斯克奖(Lasker Award)领奖台上时,大概想起了33年前,丈夫说要离开的那个夜晚。

玛丽-克莱尔·金(Mary-claire King)博士站在有“诺贝尔风向标”之称的拉斯克奖(Lasker Award)领奖台上时,大概想起了33年前,丈夫说要离开的那个夜晚。


▲玛丽-克莱尔获得2014年拉斯克医学奖(图片来源:Eurekalert)

在那个意外前,玛丽-克莱尔的人生都挺顺利。她从小喜欢数学,本科在明尼苏达州卡尔顿学院(Carleton College)学习数学专业。毕业后去了伯克利念研究生,迅速地爱上了遗传学的思维方式。1972年,玛丽-克莱尔获得加州大学伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley)博士学位。

在加州大学旧金山分校(UCSF)的Nick Petrakis博士的建议下,玛丽-克莱尔从数学方向转向遗传学研究。当时家族性乳腺癌的现象被发现已经超过100年。一些家族中,祖母,母亲和其他女性亲属患乳腺癌的风险明显更高。没有证据表明共同的生活方式或环境暴露因素可以解释疾病模式。为什么一些家庭中的女性更容易患乳腺癌?——这个现象吸引了玛丽的注意。

1974年,玛丽-克莱尔开始研究这个问题。她假设家族性乳腺癌可能跟基因突变相关,并且打算用数学研究遗传性问题。

当时,她已经有了自己的家庭,还有一个可爱的女儿,事业也找到方向,一切看起来很美好。

1981年愚人节的那个周日,上帝跟玛丽-克莱尔开了个沉重的玩笑。丈夫突然坦白移情别恋,而且第二天就要离家出走。

玛丽-克莱尔听了之后完全懵了。因为当时她在加州大学伯克利分校当老师,第二天她还要给学生教课。

她把5岁的女儿Emily送去幼儿园,勉强支撑到了学校,系主任把她叫到办公室对她说:“我想告诉你,我刚得知你已经获得终身教职。”听到这句话,玛丽-克莱尔强忍的泪水终于止不住留下来。然而命运弄人,刚变成单亲妈妈的玛丽回到家时,又发现家中被洗劫一空。因为之前她丈夫一直在家办公,而丈夫前脚刚走,盗贼就趁虚而入。玛丽叫来警察,等处理完毕她已经精疲力尽。

这一周,她原本计划前往华盛顿特区的NIH(美国国立卫生研究院)做项目评审演讲。作为一个年轻教授,这是她第一次有机会申请一笔大额的科研经费,而这笔资金决定着她为乳腺癌研究做的努力能否继续下去。

可是,24小时发生了这么多变故,玛丽-克莱尔怎么还能想着跑去华盛顿做演讲呢。她有点沮丧地打电话给在华盛顿出席肿瘤会议的导师,告诉他说自己去不了了。导师安静地听完她的讲诉,最后说了一句:“听着,你过来吧。”玛丽-克莱尔说了一堆的困难,Emily没人带。导师说:“你带她过来,演讲的时候我会和她坐在一起。”Emily没有机票。导师说:“我待会就给航空公司打电话,争取一张票。而且是和你同一个航班。一起都会好起来的。”

玛丽-克莱尔鼓起了勇气。第二天早上,她和女儿飞往华盛顿特区。演讲很顺利,她得到了这笔经费,这是BRCA1项目的开始,也是30多年后遗传性乳腺癌科学传奇的开端。

1970年代,几乎整个医学界都认为乳腺癌是由不同环境因素相互作用,以及许多不同基因引起的,寻找单独的“乳腺癌基因”是一个不被看好的方向。而且当玛丽-克莱尔开始研究家族性乳腺癌问题时,DNA测序还不可行,建立遗传关系是一个“非常困难的问题”——1983年PCR才发明出来,人类基因组计划1990年才开始。

然而,玛丽-克莱尔运用她擅长的数学知识,开发了一种新的研究方法。她利用人口学和进化遗传学中使用的数学建模工具,研究乳腺癌基因连锁的问题。1990年,玛丽-克莱尔和同事证明,染色体17q21位置上的单个基因(后来被称为BRCA1)可能是导致乳腺癌和卵巢癌的单一基因。

▲在胶片上揭示了家族遗传性BRCA1基因突变(图片来源:华盛顿大学)

除了玛丽-克莱尔和她的同事,世界各地的多个研究团队迅速加入到克隆BRCA1基因的竞赛,Myriad Genetics公司最终在1994年胜出,并且获得了专利权。这些专利在2013年6月被无效,当时美国最高法院裁定人类基因不能获得专利,但是合成的DNA或cDNA可申请专利。


▲BRCA1基因中的关键结构(图片来源:维基百科)

虽然玛丽-克莱尔没有赢得克隆BRCA1基因的竞赛,但是“乳腺癌基因”的发现彻底改变了基因与癌症的关系的认识,以及基因对常见复杂疾病的遗传学思考。从1974年到1990年,玛丽-克莱尔从事“乳腺癌基因”研究的17年期间,大多数人都认为基因不能造成复杂的疾病,如癌症。遗传学被用于研究具有单一遗传基因导致的疾病,例如亨廷顿氏病,囊性纤维化和镰状细胞性贫血,但研究人员对遗传学在多种遗传因素和环境影响引起的更常见疾病的作用持怀疑态度。

后来,科学家进一步研究发现BRCA基因是肿瘤抑制基因,相应的蛋白质具有确保DNA稳定性和防止细胞不受控制生长的功能。这些突变的携带者一生中具有较高的乳腺癌和卵巢癌风险。由于BRCA基因的发现以及生物学研究,目前已经明确BRCA突变占所有乳腺癌的5-10%,占所有卵巢癌的10-15%。也就是说5-10%的乳腺癌,以及10-15%的卵巢癌是遗传性的!

玛丽-克莱尔还计算出确切的患癌风险:“在BRAC突变人群中,乳腺癌的风险为80%,卵巢癌的风险为40%”。换句话说,1000名BRCA突变的人中,有800名在其一生中可能会发生乳腺癌,有400名可能会在其一生中发生卵巢癌。对比这两种女性肿瘤的常规发病率——千分之120(乳腺癌)和千分之100(卵巢癌)——BRCA基因突变的女性患癌风险显着升高。

现在,简单的基因测试就能让妇女知道她们的BRCA基因是否有突变,从而明确患癌的风险。携带这种突变但尚未被诊断患有乳腺癌或卵巢癌的年轻妇女可以进行干预,从而大大降低癌症的风险。这些干预措施也许是手术和侵入性的,但是有时候可以挽救生命。

除了发现BRCA1基因,玛丽-克莱尔还有另外两个重大的成就:她发现人类和黑猩猩在基因上有99%是相同的,两者仅仅在500万年前开始不同的进化。她开发了法医中使用的遗传学方法,例如通过人体骨骼和牙齿中的DNA识别身份,不仅改变了犯罪取证,而且被用来识别战场上的士兵和在自然灾害或种族灭绝中死亡的人。

由于对科学和社会的突出贡献,2014年,玛丽-克莱尔赢得了拉斯克医学奖特殊贡献奖,它也被誉为“美国的诺贝尔奖”。2016年,玛丽-克莱尔飞往华盛顿哥伦比亚特区领取国家科学奖(National Medal of Science),颁奖人是奥巴马总统。此时距离她带着女儿飞往华盛顿参加项目评审演讲,已经过去了35年。

通过付出超乎常人想象的努力,玛丽-克莱尔不仅成就了自己的人生,还为全球所有女性带来希望,帮助她们掌握自己的命运,并且能够对未来做出最好的选择。在这一方面,玛丽-克莱尔自身就已经做出了榜样。

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    2017-10-23 lofter

    感谢分享!!!

    0

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    2017-10-17 1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称)

    真了不起啊.值得学习

    0

  3. 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  4. 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    2017-10-16 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好好

    0

  5. 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    2017-10-15 1301f486dcm

    出色人物.值得学习

    0

  6. 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createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:17:56 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253081, encodeId=bc6e253081d3, content=敬佩对科研有执着追求的研究者们., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:07:39 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253034, encodeId=b5c125303406, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 07:37:49 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-15 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享

    0

  7. 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time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253084, encodeId=e48325308456, content=励志人生故事, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:18:22 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253083, encodeId=f241253083de, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:17:56 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253081, encodeId=bc6e253081d3, content=敬佩对科研有执着追求的研究者们., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIxvMP6OXzUiaGH5MkDQlW0hczROZxec1gZjfZ52EtN6aG9t0uDZq2A5xmf9FWMa4tZib4qoYnledFg/132, createdBy=9d6c2167401, createdName=hanmeijinxiu, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:07:39 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253034, encodeId=b5c125303406, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, 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    2017-10-15 lyh994

    励志人生故事

    0

  8. 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    2017-10-15 183****7028

    学习

    0

  9. 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time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253084, encodeId=e48325308456, content=励志人生故事, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/24/1c2dbd6706e64df33befd6663f1d6b37.jpg, createdBy=94f61661779, createdName=lyh994, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 09:18:22 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253083, encodeId=f241253083de, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, 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    2017-10-15 hanmeijinxiu

    敬佩对科研有执着追求的研究者们.

    0

  10. 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    2017-10-15 杨利洪

    学习了提高了

    0

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