应激性溃疡—新冠肺炎重症患者不容忽视的并发症处理

2020-02-13 小明 中华医学信息导报

WHO在指南中推荐实施以下干预措施以预防危重疾病相关的并发症。这些干预措施均基于脓毒症的复苏指南或其他指南,并且通常仅限于基于高质量证据的可行性推荐。

世界卫生组织(WHO)在2020年1月12日发布了《疑似新型冠状病毒感染造成严重急性呼吸系统感染临床处置指南》【1】,为新型冠状病毒的防控提供了一定的指导,新型冠状病毒感染导致的肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、脓毒症、感染性休克等都是重症范畴,对于这类危重患者而言,相关并发症的预防与感染后的治疗同样重要。



WHO在指南中推荐实施以下干预措施以预防危重疾病相关的并发症。这些干预措施均基于脓毒症的复苏指南或其他指南,并且通常仅限于基于高质量证据的可行性推荐。

1. 减少有创机械通气时间

使用脱机方案,包括每日评估,为自主呼吸做准备;最大限度地减少连续或间歇性镇静,以特定滴定终点为目标(排除禁忌,轻镇静)或每天中断持续的镇静治疗。

2. 降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率

在青少年和成人中,经口插管比经鼻插管更可取;使患者保持半卧位姿势(床头抬高30~45度);使用密闭式呼吸系统,定期排出和丢弃管路中的冷凝液;为每位患者提供新的呼吸回路;一旦患者开始机械通气,如果回路被污染或损坏,立即更换呼吸回路而不是定期更换;当热交换器发生故障时、被污染时或者每间隔5~7天,更换一次。

3. 降低静脉血栓栓塞的发生率

在没有禁忌证的青少年和成人中预防性用药[低分子肝素(如有首选)或肝素5000单位,每日两次皮下注射]。对于有禁忌证的患者,使用机械预防(间歇性气动压缩装置)。

4. 降低导管相关性血流感染的发生率

使用由实时观察者验证完成的核对表来提醒无菌穿刺的每个操作步骤,并在不再需要时每天提醒拔除导管。

5.降低压疮的发生率

每2小时为患者翻一次身。

6. 降低应激性溃疡和消化道出血的发生率

尽早给予肠内营养(入院后24~48小时内);对有消化道出血风险的患者使用H2受体阻滞剂或质子泵抑制剂。肠道出血的危险因素包括:≥48小时的机械通气、凝血障碍、肾脏替代治疗、肝病、多种合并症和较高的器官衰竭评分。

7. 降低ICU相关衰弱的发生率

安全的情况下,在病程早期积极动员患者。



根据中国《应激性溃疡防治专家建议(2018版)》【2】描述,危重症患者在发病后24小时内即可发生应激相关的肠道黏膜损伤,并发出血、穿孔后,病死率可达50%~80%。曾有媒体报道应激性溃疡出血的患者可瞬间失血1000 ml,直接危害患者生命健康。新冠肺炎重症患者常伴随机大剂量使用糖皮质激素、急性肝功能衰竭、ARDS等危险因素,这些危险因素都会进一步威胁患者生命安全。
 


2月3日,中央电视台在火神山医院交付后,探访火神山药房,负责人表示 “因为有一些新冠肺炎的患者伴有胃肠道的症状,所以我们已经准备好了胃肠道的药品”。

临床中,应激性溃疡的预防(SUP)常使用到抑酸药,其主要包括PPI和H2RA。指南指出PPI比H2RA更能持续稳定的升高胃内pH值,推荐在原发病发生后以标准剂量PPI静脉滴注,每12小时1次,至少连续3天。

当应激性溃疡发生时,除继续治疗原发病外,还必须立即采取各种止血措施进行治疗。 

目前新冠肺炎势头依然强劲,我们砥砺向前,提前做好预防并发症工作,相信一切都会变得更好。

原始出处:

[2]应激性溃疡防治专家建议(2018版)[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2018, 98(42):3392-3395.

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    2020-06-23 丁鹏鹏
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    2020-02-13 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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该研究的结果支持了进行一个更大的试验来评估停止应激性溃疡预防治疗安全性的可行性。虽然该结果并不精确,但上消化道出血风险并没有明显增加,质子泵抑制剂对呼吸机相关性肺炎和难辨梭状芽孢杆菌的影响仍不清楚。

应激性溃疡防治专家建议(2018版)

应激性溃疡(stress ulcer,SU)是指机体在各类严重创伤、危重疾病或严重心理疾病等应激状态下发生的急性胃肠道黏膜糜烂、溃疡等病变,严重者可并发消化道出血、甚至穿孔,可使原有疾病的程度加重及恶化,增加病死率。因而,预防SU是救治危重症患者不可忽视的环节。SU在内镜下可表现为急性胃黏膜病变、急性糜烂性胃炎、急性出血性胃炎、消化道溃疡等。

[重复]Crit Care:药物预防应激性溃疡能否让接受肠内营养的ICU患者获益?

2018年发表在《Crit Care》上的一项系统评价与meta分析,考察了药物预防应激性溃疡(SUP)对接受肠内营养的重症患者的应激性胃肠道(GI)出血和其他临床结局的获益情况。

Chest:危重症患者预防应激性溃疡 PPI遭到嫌弃?

质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)和组胺2型受体阻滞剂(H2Bs)是重症监护实践中应激性溃疡的主要预防药物。1999年美国卫生系统药师协会指南推荐H2Bs,但随后的荟萃分析支持PPIs,两者不一致。