eLife:发现伤害雄性的线粒体DNA突变支持“母亲的诅咒”假设

2016-08-09 佚名 生物谷

存在新的证据证实“母亲的诅咒(mother's curse)”---母亲可能传递伤害她们的儿子但不伤害她们的女儿的基因到她们的孩子体内---在动物体内也是适用的。这种可能性产生的原因在真核细胞中存在着两种独立的基因组:位于细胞核的基因组和位于线粒体的基因组。 根据普遍接受的理论,线粒体最初是独立的细菌,这种细菌能够利用高度毒性的氧气分子作为强大的能源。真核生物缺乏这种能力,因此,


存在新的证据证实“母亲的诅咒(mother's curse)”---母亲可能传递伤害她们的儿子但不伤害她们的女儿的基因到她们的孩子体内---在动物体内也是适用的。这种可能性产生的原因在真核细胞中存在着两种独立的基因组:位于细胞核的基因组和位于线粒体的基因组。

根据普遍接受的理论,线粒体最初是独立的细菌,这种细菌能够利用高度毒性的氧气分子作为强大的能源。真核生物缺乏这种能力,因此,它们中的一些发现一种方法吞噬线粒体的细菌祖先,但不消化它---将它转化为一种“内共生体(endosymbiont)”,即一种生活在另一种有机体体内的有机体。不像是由父本和母本的遗传物质组合在一起形成的细胞核基因组,线粒体基因组仅遗传自母本。因此,雄性后代被认为是进化上的尽头。尽管自然选择活跃地抑制削弱雌性的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)突变,但是没有直接的机制清除削弱雄性的那些mtDNA突变:这种情形导致这种“母亲的诅咒”。

如今,在一项新的研究中,来自美国范德堡大学和弗雷德-哈金森癌症研究中心的研究人员发现黑腹果蝇中的一种mtDNA突变使得“母亲的诅咒”的假设在动物体内得以证实:随着年龄的增加,它降低雄性果蝇后代的生育能力,但不会对雌性果蝇后代产生任何可观察到的影响。相关研究结果于2016年8月2日发表在eLife期刊上,论文标题为“A mitochondrial DNA hypomorph of cytochrome oxidase specifically impairs male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster”。

在范德堡大学领导这项研究的生物科学助理教授Maulik Patel说,“自从这种可能性(即母亲的诅咒)被识别以来的20年内,据报道一些线粒体突变对雄性后代产生有害的影响,但是,这些报道并没有强有力地证实这些突变对雌性后代没有任何负面影响。我们的研究是首次全面地寻找伤害雄性后代的mtDNA突变对雌性后代可能产生的影响,而且我们幸运地发现这样的一种mtDNA突变对雄性后代产生负面影响,但是正如我们能够评估的那样,不对雌性后代产生任何不好的影响。”

这种“母亲的诅咒”是自然选择的比较奇特的结果之一。根据进化理论,线粒体DNA(mtDNA)和细胞核DNA处于永不停止的竞争之中。当一方积累有益的突变时,另一方被迫适应。

植物拥有比较大的线粒体基因组,因而线粒体基因组含有更多的基因。在植物中,人们已发现明显的伤害雄性的线粒体突变的例子。然而,在动物中,线粒体基因组比较小,这使得人们更难检测到类似的伤害雄性的线粒体突变。

这项最终发现伤害雄性的mtDNA突变的实验是花了4年多的时间完成的力作。研究人员选择了18种独立的果蝇品系,每种品系由300只雌性果蝇和100只雄性果蝇组成。在其中的12种品系中,处女雌性果蝇在每一代都被收集,而且与来自原始的果蝇品系的雄性果蝇交配。研究人员就这样培养了35代(大约70周的时间)果蝇。在剩下的6种品系中,雌性果蝇被允许与它们选择的雄性果蝇进行交配。在这个整个时间段内,他们一直在监控果蝇的健康以便确定雄性果蝇是否受到伤害。

幸运的是,研究人员最终发现一种mtDNA单点突变G117S接管了其中的一种品系。这会导致细胞色素C氧化酶的一个亚基的化学结构发生单氨基酸变化。他们证实当年龄增加时,这种突变导致雄性果蝇的精子产生和精子能动性过早地下降,但是它似乎没有对雄性果蝇产生任何其他方面的影响,而且也不对雌性果蝇产生影响。

Patel说,“我们没有特地寻找影响生育力的mtDNA突变,但是回想一下,这也说得通。影响雄性但不影响雌性的mtDNA突变肯定是影响在雄性和雌性之间存在不同的组织。”

他们的发现符合已提出的用来解释人mtRNA突变与精子能动性下降相关联的一种假设:这种mtDNA突变可能是导致无法治愈的影响7~10%男性的生育力低下的重要因素。

研究人员也发现这种突变的酶是温度敏感性的。将笼子里的温度调高4℃会导致携带这种突变的雄性果蝇几乎完全丧失生育能力。这就让他们执行另外一项实验来测试这种“母亲的诅咒”假设的第二项预测:细胞核基因组应当进化出通过抑制伤害雄性的mtDNA突变的活性来恢复雄性健康的机制。

他们将携带这种mtDNA突变的雌性果蝇与从世界上多个不同地方收集的不同果蝇品系的雄性果蝇交配。他们随后检测了雄性果蝇后代的生育力,并且吃惊地发现来自很多果蝇品系的细胞核基因组能够完全地恢复这些雄性果蝇的生育力。

Patel说,“我们在这项研究中使用的策略与操纵线粒体基因组的方法取得的进展相结合为我们提供新的机遇来研究地球上最为古老的和最为重要的共生之一的‘未知的一面’。我们希望这将导致人们开发治疗线粒体疾病的方法,其中只有其中的一些疾病当前能够被治疗。”

原始出处

Maulik R Patel, Ganesh K Miriyala, Aimee J Littleton, Heiko Yang, Kien Trinh, Janet M Young, Scott R Kennedy, Yukiko M Yamashita, Leo J Pallanck, Harmit S Malik.A mitochondrial DNA hypomorph of cytochrome oxidase specifically impairs male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster.eLife.2016

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    2017-04-23 clmlylxy
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    2017-07-02 膀胱癌
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    2016-08-10 oo902

    母亲的诅咒

    0

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