Cell:肠癌大突破!上海交大科学家发现了肠道微生物导致化疗耐药的机制

2017-08-07 朱爽爽 BioTalker 奇点网

近日,来自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院消化科的房静远教授、陈萦晅副教授、洪洁和陈豪燕副研究员以及美国密西根大学邹伟平教授合作,首次从作用机制上证明具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)可以通过调节癌细胞的自噬作用,促进结直肠癌对化疗的耐受。而具核梭杆菌恰恰是我们口腔中常见的革兰氏阴性菌。这一重要发现发表在顶级期刊《细胞》杂志上。

近日,来自上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院消化科的房静远教授、陈萦晅副教授、洪洁和陈豪燕副研究员以及美国密西根大学邹伟平教授合作,首次从作用机制上证明具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)可以通过调节癌细胞的自噬作用,促进结直肠癌对化疗的耐受。而具核梭杆菌恰恰是我们口腔中常见的革兰氏阴性菌。这一重要发现发表在顶级期刊《细胞》杂志上。


从左到右:陈萦晅副教授、房静远教授、洪洁副研究员、邹伟平教授、陈豪燕副研究员

肠癌在所有恶性肿瘤中发病率排第三,死亡率排第二,是威胁人类健康的一大杀手。化疗是临床上常用的抗癌疗法之一。特别地,对于晚期结肠直肠癌患者来说,手术加上化疗是最常用的治疗方案。然而,尽管化疗在患者接受治疗的初期显示出良好的效果,但是最终很多患者也会出现化疗耐药,并导致癌症复发。因此,晚期结肠直肠癌患者的5年存活率只有10%左右。

同时,虽然近年来免疫检查点抑制剂的对于多种晚期癌症治疗效果显着。然而,不幸地是,绝大部分结肠直肠癌(CRC)对于免疫治疗不敏感。只有一小部分携带错配修复缺陷的CRC患者可以受益于免疫疗法。因此,为了改善晚期CRC患者的生存,深入了解CRC患者对于化疗耐药的机制非常有必要。

近年来,一系列的研究发现,肠道微生物不仅可以通过调节局部免疫反应影响化疗以及免疫治疗的效果,也同CRC的形成以及转移密切相关。例如,2011年科学家在肠道中发现具核梭杆菌的身影。2012年,发现在CRC的发展过程中具核梭杆菌的含量会逐渐增加。去年,科学家又发现具核梭杆菌还与CRC患者的生存期密切相关,其含量越高,患者的生存期往往越短。

至此,具核梭杆菌引起了人们极大的兴趣。研究人员开始尝试从具核梭杆菌的角度去理解肠癌的耐药性与复发。房教授这个团队就是其中的一员。

为了探索具核梭杆菌与肠癌化疗耐药之间的关系。房教授团队招募了大量的CRC患者(包括癌症复发以及未复发患者),并对其肿瘤组织进行了系统的分析,他们发现具核梭杆菌在CRC复发患者肿瘤组织中的含量明显高于CRC未复发的患者。并且,CRC患者肿瘤组织中的具核梭杆菌含量越高,患者的预后往往越差。

具核梭杆菌

研究人员利用逐渐提升化疗药物浓度的方法,获得了有耐药性的SW480细胞(一种CRC细胞,对于化疗异常敏感)。然后,再利用化学药物分别处理SW480细胞,耐药的SW480细胞以及同具核梭杆菌一起培养的SW480细胞。他们发现,与具核梭杆菌一起培养的SW480细胞同化疗耐药的SW480细胞的耐药的程度是相同的。也就是说,人体肠道中的具核梭杆菌的确会诱导CRC细胞对化疗耐药。

那么具核梭杆菌又是如何诱导化疗耐药的呢?为此,研究人员将CRC细胞与具核梭杆菌一起培养,之后对普通的CRC细胞以及同具核梭杆菌一起培养过的CRC细胞进行转录组分析。发现,同具核梭杆菌一起培养的结肠癌细胞中,有992个基因下调了,1466个基因上调了。

之后,通过单样本基因富集分析,蛋白印迹分析,以及透射电镜观察发现,与具核梭杆菌共培养的结肠癌细胞中,自噬信号被显着激活。而之前恰有研究发现,自噬通路与化疗耐药相关,这也意味着,具核梭杆菌或许是通过引起CRC细胞自噬的激活从而导致其对化疗的耐药。

为了验证这一点,研究人员将具核梭杆菌同CRC细胞一起培养,然后加入化疗药物以及自噬抑制剂。发现,具核梭杆菌诱导的化疗耐药可以被自噬抑制剂抵消。随后研究人员还确定了参与这一过程的相关的自噬蛋白,ULK1以及ATG7。表明具核梭杆菌介导的化疗耐药的确是通过激活自噬途径完成的。

然而,在实验过程中,研究人员发现一个奇怪的现象,自噬相关蛋白的增加并不是相应的基因表达增加导致的。这就意味着,存在着转录后调控参与自噬信号的激活。

这就让研究团队想起了miRNA,miRNA是细胞中常见的转录后调控元件,通过降解相应的mRNA或者抑制其翻译发挥调控作用。因此研究人员猜想,具核梭杆菌诱导的自噬相关蛋白增加或许与相应的miRNA含量下降相关。

通过对6名含有大量具核梭杆菌的CRC患者的肿瘤组织,以及6名仅含少量具核梭杆菌的CRC患者的肿瘤组织,做全面的miRNA表达分析,他们发现具核梭杆菌丰度高的CRC患者的癌细胞中有68种miRNA含量下降了。

随后,研究人员通过将这68种miRNA与数据库中的标准自噬相关miRNA对比,以及实时PCR技术,最终确定了两种名为miR-4802 和miR-18a*的miRNA与自噬的激活相关。这两种miRNA可以通过抑制ULK1,ATG7的合成,抵消具核梭杆菌诱导的自噬相关蛋白增加。

并且在CRC小鼠模型中,研究人员还证明了,自噬抑制剂以及这两种miRNA类似物可以抑制具核梭杆菌诱导的化疗耐药。所有的这些表明,具核梭杆菌激活自噬是通过选择性降低这两种miRNA含量实现的。

最后,研究人员还确定了具核梭杆菌介导的化疗耐药的具体通路,TLR4以及MYD88先天免疫信号通路。并且在小鼠试验中,他们发现,抑制这两个通路可以扭转具核梭杆菌诱导的两种miRNA的减少,自噬相关蛋白的增加以及化疗耐药。


具核梭杆菌介导化疗耐药的具体机制

总的来说,本次试验中,研究人员证明了具核梭杆菌介导的化疗耐药,是通过作用于TLR4以及MYD88通路,导致miR-4802 和miR-18a*选择性减少,继而激活自噬导致的。

到这里,我还是想说说我们昨天那篇文章。在发现牙周病与食管癌之间的关系之后,纽约州立大学公共卫生学院院长,Jean Wactawski-Wende教授表示,“食管靠近口腔,因此牙周病原体可能更容易获得和感染食管粘膜并促进该部位的癌症风险。”

就这个研究而言,牙周病竟是结直肠癌和淋巴瘤的高危因素这个研究,是不是也暗示着什么?我们肠道的具核梭杆菌与口腔里的有啥关系?这个还真值得研究人员深思。

最重要的是,这一发现潜藏着巨大的临床应用价值,如果肠癌患者在接受化疗的同时也接受抗具核梭杆菌或者抗自噬治疗,有可能具有增强化疗效果的作用。虽然定向清除一种肠道微生物的临床技术还没有出现,不过在今年6月中旬,《自然》杂志报道了一个重磅研究,华盛顿大学医学院分子微生物学教授Scott J. Hultgren博士团队利用甘露糖苷成功特异性清除肠道中的大肠杆菌,而不打乱肠道菌群平衡,也不存在引发抗药性的问题。
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createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 24 07:48:29 CST 2017, time=2017-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-29 jyzxjiangqin

    肠癌的科学治疗.

    0

  4. 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createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 07:21:27 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246519, encodeId=186824651981, content=肠道微生物导致化疗耐药的研究., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 07:07:44 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=241648, encodeId=b56d2416485a, content=肠癌治疗大突破., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Sep 08 07:31:09 CST 2017, time=2017-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=239229, encodeId=e68323922900, content=肠道微生物的应用., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Sep 01 07:24:38 CST 2017, time=2017-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=236560, encodeId=0bcf236560a7, content=肠癌大突破., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 24 07:48:29 CST 2017, time=2017-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-20 jyzxjiangqin

    肠癌大突破.

    0

  5. 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    2017-11-29 维他命
  6. 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createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 24 07:48:29 CST 2017, time=2017-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-07 jyzxjiangqin

    肠癌大突破.

    0

  7. 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    2017-09-22 jyzxjiangqin

    肠道微生物导致化疗耐药的研究.

    0

  8. 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createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Sep 08 07:31:09 CST 2017, time=2017-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=239229, encodeId=e68323922900, content=肠道微生物的应用., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Sep 01 07:24:38 CST 2017, time=2017-09-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=236560, encodeId=0bcf236560a7, content=肠癌大突破., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Thu Aug 24 07:48:29 CST 2017, time=2017-08-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-08 jyzxjiangqin

    肠癌治疗大突破.

    0

  9. 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    2017-09-01 jyzxjiangqin

    肠道微生物的应用.

    0

  10. 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    2017-08-24 jyzxjiangqin

    肠癌大突破.

    0

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