[阳光长城学术会议结直肠肿瘤论坛]姜武医生:遗传性肠癌:临床筛查与管理

2017-11-14 姜武 丁培荣 ioncology

近期,在北京大学肿瘤医院第五届阳光长城学术会议暨结直肠肿瘤论坛的“遗传性肿瘤专场”,中山大学肿瘤防治中心的姜武医生作了“遗传性结直肠癌:临床筛查和管理”专题报告,并就此撰文,与读者分享。

近期,在北京大学肿瘤医院第五届阳光长城学术会议暨结直肠肿瘤论坛的“遗传性肿瘤专场”,中山大学肿瘤防治中心的姜武医生作了“遗传性结直肠癌临床筛查管理”专题报告,并就此撰文,与读者分享。

在所有结直肠癌患者中,约25%的患者具有一定的家族聚集性,更有近10%的患者是由于胚系水平发生的基因突变所致,我们称之为遗传性大肠癌,其特点是常表现为临床综合征,结直肠肿瘤仅为其中一种表现形式。

诊断并认识遗传性大肠癌,有助于临床医生更好的对患者进行随访和筛查。以Lynch综合征为例,由于Lynch综合征患者发生结直肠癌的时间显着短于散发性结直肠癌,从上次正常肠镜到下一次肠镜发现结直肠癌的中位时间为11.3个月,因此肠镜的复查频率(每1~2年一次)要显着高于散发性结直肠癌患者。不仅如此,还需警惕不同基因型患者之间存在的临床表型差异。MLH1和MSH2基因突变的患者疾病外显早,肠镜筛查年龄建议从20~25岁起,而MSH6和PMS2基因突变患者可适当推迟至25~30岁起再行筛查。

诊断并认识遗传性大肠癌,亦有助于指导临床医生对相应患者的治疗选择。Lynch综合征大肠癌总体治疗原则与散发性大肠癌相似;但对于同时性或异时性多原发大肠肿瘤,建议进行结肠全切除或次全切除术。尽管目前暂无证据支持对无癌变患者行预防性结肠切除,但以下患者可以考虑:难以接受/不具备条件接受长期密切内镜随访;患者对癌变有较大顾虑和精神负担;家族史明显,疾病早发且症状显着。

既往对遗传性肠癌筛查主要是基于家族史和个人史,这在目前的临床实践中,特别是针对息肉病性结直肠癌,仍有非常重要的意义。但是对于非息肉病性肠癌,以MMR蛋白免疫组化检测,MSI筛查等分子检测为导向的筛查策略,则具有更高的灵敏性,显着降低Lynch综合征的漏诊率,同时也富集了最终需要测序的人群,在一定程度上提高了成本效益。中山大学肿瘤防治中心自2011年起对所有入院的新发结直肠癌患者进行遗传性肠癌普筛,并整合两种筛查策略如图1。


图1. 中山大学肿瘤防治中心遗传性肠癌系统筛查策略

在遗传筛查过程中,我们也经常遇到各类问题。首先是分子检测结果与临床表型不一致,例如家族史明显的年轻患者,MMR蛋白免疫组化筛查却是正常的。对于这种矛盾的结果,我们需要谨慎对待,一方面请病理医生复核免疫组化结果,另一方面可以通过MSI检测进一步佐证,必要时可以采取直接测序的方法。其次,临床医生需要读懂并理解遗传检测报告。根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)的解读指南(表1),遗传性肿瘤易感突变分为五类,对携带致病突变和疑似致病突变的人群建议进行癌症预防和定期检测。而对于更为常见的临床意义未明突变(Variant of Undetermined Significance,VUS),仍不能掉以轻心,需结合患者临床表现及表型,开展必要的蛋白功能研究,动员家族成员进行相应筛查并密切随访动态观察,以进一步明确突变的致病性。

表1. 美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)的解读指南


综上所述,结直肠癌的精准医疗,从遗传性肠癌筛查开始。诊治遗传性结直肠癌,不仅解除患者本人的疾苦,还可以拯救整个家族!

专家简介:
姜武  
主治医师
中山大学肿瘤防治中心结直肠科
中国抗癌协会家族遗传性肿瘤协作组 委员
中国抗癌协会大肠癌专业委员会遗传学组 秘书
华南遗传性结直肠癌协作组 秘书
广州市抗癌协会大肠癌专业委员会青委 委员

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