生命科学丨科技部发布2017年度中国科学十大进展

2018-02-28 BioArt BioArt

据人民网报道,2月27日下午,科技部基础研究司与科技部基础研究管理中心联合举办“2017年度中国科学十大进展专家解读会”,正式发布2017年度中国科学十大进展。相比去2016年度科技部发布的中国科技十大进展中有6项生命科学领域的成果,2017年的评选结果中生命科学基础研究领域的表现稍显逊色。其中生命科学基础领域成果仅有两项,分别为::北京大学药学院周德敏、张礼和研究组完成的“将病毒直接转化为活疫苗

据人民网报道,2月27日下午,科技部基础研究司与科技部基础研究管理中心联合举办“2017年度中国科学十大进展专家解读会”,正式发布2017年度中国科学十大进展。相比去2016年度科技部发布的中国科技十大进展中有6项生命科学领域的成果,2017年的评选结果中生命科学基础研究领域的表现稍显逊色。其中生命科学基础领域成果仅有两项,分别为::北京大学药学院周德敏、张礼和研究组完成的“将病毒直接转化为活疫苗及治疗性药物”以及天津大学元英进、清华大学戴俊彪、深圳华大基因杨焕明等团队合作完成的“酵母长染色体的精准定制合成”。此外,值得一提的还有一项涉及生命科学领域应用性成果“研制出可实现自由状态脑成像的微型显微成像系统”——由北京大学生物膜与膜生物工程国家重点实验室程和平及陈良怡研究组与电子工程与计算机科学学院张云峰和王爱民等合作完成。

十大进展的另外七项分别为:实现星地千公里级量子纠缠和密钥分发及隐形传态;首次探测到双粲重子;实验发现三重简并费米子;实现氢气的低温制备和存储;研发出基于共格纳米析出强化的新一代超高强钢;利用量子相变确定性制备出多粒子纠缠态;中国发现新型古人类化石。

附人民网发布的详细介绍:

成果1:将病毒直接转化为活疫苗及治疗性药物

流感、艾滋病和埃博拉出血热等烈性传染病时刻危害着人类的健康和社会稳定,其幕后“黑手”是结构和功能多样且快速变异的病毒,而疫苗是预防病毒感染的有效手段。北京大学药学院周德敏、张礼和研究组以流感病毒为模型,在保留病毒完整结构和感染力的情况下,仅突变病毒基因的一个三联遗传密码为终止密码,流感病毒就由致病性传染源变为预防性疫苗,再突变多个三联码为终止密码,病毒就变为治疗性药物。此类疫苗的特点是保留了野生型病毒的全部抗原、感染活力和相同的感染途径,可以诱发人体产生强而广的体液免疫、鼻腔黏膜免疫以及T-细胞活化免疫应答,但感染人体后复制能力缺失。这种复制缺陷的活病毒疫苗在老鼠、雪貂和天竺鼠模型中得到验证,达到广谱、持久和高效的效果。

该方法颠覆了传统灭活/减毒疫苗的理念,前者需改变病毒抗原结构去除其毒性,只能部分激发人体免疫力,所以需要多次接种。后者需要复杂的工艺处理方能保留病毒的完整结构,但仍具有弱的复制能力和潜在的致病性,安全隐患大。该方法将是研发活病毒疫苗的一种通用方法,并可针对几乎所有病毒。

相关研究进展发表在2016年12月2日《科学》[Science, 354(6316):1170—1173]上。该研究进展是我国长期支持基础研究、并鼓励基础研究进行临床转化的典型范例(BioArt注:根据评选细则给定的时间范围,截止日期为当年的11月份。所以2016年12月份的成果也可以进入2017年度的评选。)。Science杂志评述该进展为病毒疫苗领域的革命性突破,Nature杂志称其为“驯服病毒的新方法”。(BioArt深度解读丨Science报道北大周德敏课题组在病毒疫苗领域的重大突破——附特别点评)

成果2:酵母长染色体的精准定制合成

基因组设计合成是对基因组进行全新设计和从头构建,能够按需塑造生命,开启从非生命物质向生命物质转化的大门,推动生命科学研究由理解生命向创造生命延伸。然而,基因组合成面临长染色体难以精准合成、合成染色体导致细胞失活等难题。天津大学元英进、清华大学戴俊彪、深圳华大基因杨焕明等团队与合作者利用多级模块化和标准化人工基因组合成方法,基于一步法大片段组装技术和并行式染色体合成策略,实现了由小分子核苷酸到活体真核长染色体的定制合成,建立了基于多靶点片段共转化的基因组精确修复技术和DNA大片段重复的修复技术,成功设计构建了4条酿酒酵母长染色体,实现了真核长染色体合成序列与设计序列的完全匹配;原创性地建立了基因组缺陷靶点快速定位方法,提供了表型和基因型关联分析的新策略,通过缺陷靶点的定位与排除,解决了合成基因组导致细胞失活的难题;在此基础上,构建了人工环形染色体,为当前无法治疗的染色体成环疾病发生机理和潜在治疗手段建立了研究模型。

该研究为深化理解生命进化、基因组与功能关系等基础科学问题提供了新的思路。相关研究进展以4篇论文形式发表在2017年3月10日《科学》[Science, 355(6329): eaaf4704, eaaf4706, eaaf4791,eaaf3981]上。研究成果引起国内外专家和媒体的极大关注。Science同期发表专文评论,Nature、Nature Biotechnology、Nature Reviews Genetics、Molecular Cell等多个顶级期刊均发表专文或亮点介绍,高度评价本工作,认为这是第一个全合成真核生物基因组的重要里程碑。(4篇Science报道合成生物学重大进展)

成果3:研制出可实现自由状态脑成像的微型显微成像系统

北京大学生物膜与膜生物工程国家重点实验室程和平及陈良怡研究组与电子工程与计算机科学学院张云峰和王爱民等合作,运用微集成、微光学、超快光纤激光和半导体光电子学等技术,在高时空分辨在体成像系统研制方面取得突破性技术革新,成功研制出2.2克微型化佩戴式双光子荧光显微镜,在国际上首次记录了悬尾、跳台、社交等自然行为条件下,小鼠大脑神经元和神经突触活动的高速高分辨图像。

此项突破性技术将开拓新的研究范式,在动物自然行为条件下,实现对神经突触、神经元、神经网络、多脑区等多尺度、多层次动态信息处理的长时程观察,这样不仅可以“看得见”大脑学习、记忆、决策、思维的过程,还将为可视化研究自闭症、阿尔茨海默病、癫痫等脑疾病的神经机制发挥重要作用。

相关研究进展发表在2017年7月《自然·方法学》[Nature Methods, 14(7):713—719]上。该成像系统被2014年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主Edvard I. Moser称之为研究大脑的空间定位神经系统的革命性新工具。

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    2018-03-03 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-02-28 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

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