下肢动脉硬化闭塞症微创介入治疗

2019-12-06 佚名 杏林帮官媒

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(PDA)是最常见的外周血管疾病之一,是动脉粥样硬化的一种表现形式。随着社会整体生活水平的提高和人口的老龄化,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发病和下肢动脉硬化闭塞症就诊的患者将越来越多,尽管当前治疗手段不断进步,但是PDA仍是造成截肢的一个重要原因,需要高度警惕。

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症(PDA)是最常见的外周血管疾病之一,是动脉粥样硬化的一种表现形式。随着社会整体生活水平的提高和人口的老龄化,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发病和下肢动脉硬化闭塞症就诊的患者将越来越多,尽管当前治疗手段不断进步,但是PDA仍是造成截肢的一个重要原因,需要高度警惕。

目前治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症有多种方法,主要包括运动、药物保守治疗、腔内介入技术及血管旁路手术治疗。由于下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者以老年人居多,血管旁路手术创伤较大,故手术适应证较窄,难以广泛开展。随着血管腔内介入治疗逐渐成熟,因其创伤小、安全性高、术后恢复快及可重复操作等优点使该技术在临床上得到广泛应用,并获得较好效果。其中,经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)、支架植入术、经皮斑块旋切术已成为目前临床应用最多、最广泛的治疗术式。

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症介入治疗的适应症如下:

1、间歇性跛行 跛行距离100米以内、严重影响生活和工作者应积极介入治疗。跛行距离100米以上及症状较轻者,应根据患者的意愿、全身状况、流出道好坏、操作者技术水平等因素考虑是否行介入治疗。

2、严重静息痛,需要阿片类止痛剂>2周。

3、足部或足趾的溃疡形成或坏疽。

目前下肢动脉硬化闭塞症球囊成形术(BaHoon Angioplasty)已经是一项比较成熟的技术。下肢动脉硬化闭塞症PTA扩张血管的主要机理在于气囊扩张分离狭窄硬化的内膜,同时破坏中膜平滑肌强力层和胶原纤维.使动脉粥样硬化斑块断裂,中膜伸展,因而球囊血管扩张术是一种机械扩张导致血管重塑的治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症方法。除普通球囊外,目前应用较多的还有药涂球囊、冷冻球囊等。

和普通球囊相比,药物涂层球囊最为特殊的一点就是它可载药并能在病变部位以短暂的贴壁时间释放有效治疗浓度的药物。能更为持久地保持血管的通畅,减少再狭窄的发生,并且在血管内不留异物,保留血管条件为患者的后续治疗提供更多选择。冷冻球囊是在其球囊扩张导管上配有冷冻能源,在球囊扩张时对动脉壁予以冷冻作用。通过低温可以改变血管对于球囊扩张的反应和诱导平滑肌细胞的凋亡作用。目前,冷冻球囊在下肢动脉粥样硬化疾病的局部处理方面已获得初步成功,展现出良好的应用前景。缺点是费用比较昂贵,增加患者负担。

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症PTA可导致血管夹层撕裂和弹性回缩,而支架置入通过挤压斑块和压迫管壁,克服了PTA的两个主要缺陷,是下肢动脉硬化闭塞症PTA的有效补充。目前,应用于PDA治疗的支架有金属裸支架、覆膜支架、药物涂层支架、放射性支架及生物可降解支架等,可根据患者个体情况选择。

PTA和支架置入术的联合应用可明显改善手术效果,有研究显示,患者在应用血管内支架联合PTA治疗后,其总有效率可以达到91.67%,提示其治疗效果明显。而且其踝肱指数比治疗前明显改善,跛行距离也比治疗前明显增加。同时,患者术后并发症的总发生率比常规保守治疗更少。

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症血管腔内硬化斑块旋切术技术始于80年代中期,其原理是利用高速旋转装置将粥样斑块研磨成极细小的微粒,被粉碎的粥样斑块碎屑及微粒可被网状内皮系统吞噬,不致引起远端血管堵塞。下肢动脉硬化闭塞症动脉粥样斑块旋切术理论上能在切除血管壁钙化硬斑同时,不损伤血管壁.该类手术有几个优点:(1)介入操作成功率高下肢动脉硬化闭塞症;(2)治疗指征宽下肢动脉硬化闭塞症;(3)可重复操作。

近几年斑块旋切术的飞速发展给我们治疗PDA带来了新的机遇。对于医生而言,减少支架植入,避免支架断裂及再狭窄的发生,减少球囊扩张引起的血管夹层撕裂和弹性回缩获得与支架相当的临床疗效。对于患者而言,提高保肢率的同时无异物植入,为后续治疗保留了更多选择。斑块切除术在下肢介入手术中是安全的,成功率高并且效果良好;拥有独特的优势,可以根据患者的各类病情来合并其他术式(如:机械血栓抽吸术、PTA、药涂球囊等这些新型器材可以弥补其不足)。但是斑块旋切术费用较为昂贵,术后仍存在再次手术的风险。

临床医师应准确掌握PDA相关特征及危险因素,对高危人群积极给予各项干预措施,改善其动脉僵硬度,保障患者生活质量及身心健康。对于需要手术干预的PDA患者,腔内技术治疗下肢缺血性疾病是一种有效和安全的方法,但针对不同病变程度、不同病变部位,需要术者严格把控手术方式和材料,这也对术者的临床经验提出了更高要求.

随着科学技术进步、材料改进以及医师技术的提高,介入治疗发展迅速,很多传统观点必须手术的病变现在也可以通过介入方法解决。在临床工作中,我们经常会看到一些下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的患者长期得不到正确诊断和治疗,病变日益加重最后发展到肢体疼痛、坏死,最终不得不截肢,严重影响了生活质量。严峻的现实提醒人们,尤其是中老年朋友,重视下肢动脉硬化闭塞症,及时到正规医院就诊,早日发现、早日治疗,以避免不可挽回的损失。

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    2019-12-08 vera_1203
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    2019-12-07 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好

    0

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