你心里的那个“她”会是谁?

2018-05-23 人间世 医学界心血管频道

大家对心脏的大体解剖应该都有一个概念,简单来说心腔里除了瓣膜,总体还是“空荡荡的”,从超声上看心腔里只有瓣膜在那里荡着秋千,此外就是黑乎乎一片。

大家对心脏的大体解剖应该都有一个概念,简单来说心腔里除了瓣膜,总体还是“空荡荡的”,从超声上看心腔里只有瓣膜在那里荡着秋千,此外就是黑乎乎一片。

但是有些人的心里总会多了一个"她",今天我们来看看这个"她"可能会是谁?

病例简介~

患者69岁女性,主因二尖瓣狭窄和冠心病住院行外科手术治疗,术前超声心动示二尖瓣狭窄、主动脉瓣反流,余未见异常。术中食道超声也证实了术前的瓣膜病变,但是却发现了一个不速之客(见图1),主动脉瓣上有一个发丝样强回声结构,长约10mm,呈飘带样活动。我想大家都会猛然出一身冷汗,这是什么鬼?


图1. 食道超声示主动脉瓣上发丝样强回声结构

一般而言,心脏瓣膜上出现附着物,我们需要在血栓、赘生物和肿瘤这三大常见病因中鉴别:

血栓:根据Virchow三要素理论,血栓多见于低速流动的血液状态,所以瓣膜血栓也好发于合并室壁运动异常或心室自发性显影的患者,超声图像的特点是类圆形实性回声,且与瓣膜间无蒂相连。

赘生物:患者多有先心病、瓣膜病及机械瓣等危险因素,临床上表现为原因不明发热、血管损伤等,血培养阳性,超声上可见瓣叶的不规则回声,活动性强,可伴有瓣膜损害和脓肿形成等。

肿瘤:心脏瓣膜最常见的肿瘤是乳头状纤维弹性瘤,一般没什么特别的症状,多为偶然发现,超声上多表现为团块状,一般起自瓣叶中部,与瓣膜通过蒂相连。另外比较常见的就是粘液瘤,它最大的特点是通过蒂与心内膜相连,活动度非常大,可影响瓣膜的开启和关闭,其次粘液瘤通常含有肉芽组织,容易出现小面积出血和钙化,其回声一般不均匀。

回到该病例,患者无感染性心内膜炎临床征象,也无血栓形成倾向,超声图像也并不符合常见良性肿瘤的特点,那它会是什么呢?本着外科医生的果断和利落,他们在完成预定的瓣膜置换和搭桥手术的同时,顺带切除了这个“东西”,结果见图2。


图2.手术切除的病理标本

随后的病理结果告诉我们,这个奇怪的结构是兰伯氏赘生物(Lambl’sexcrescene )。它是由捷克医师Lambl在1856年第一次描述而得名。其组织学特点是表面有单层内皮细胞覆盖,与瓣膜本身的内皮细胞层相延续,中央核通常是无细胞的结缔组织基质。

关于兰伯氏赘生物的形成机制,目前并不是很清楚,有一种理论认为是由于瓣膜处心内膜受损引起。随着瓣叶长期连续拍击,心内膜面会出现细小的磨损和撕裂,损伤处继发纤维沉积,继而单层内皮细胞将纤维结缔组织覆盖形成兰伯氏赘生物。

至于兰伯氏赘生物的临床意义尚无定论,有些人认为属于正常衰老性改变,但是有研究显示兰伯氏赘生物可能脱落或继发血栓形成,也许是一部分隐源性卒中的病因。因此对于它的处理措施也缺乏共识,有学者建议,无症状者可密切观察,有过1次脑血管事件者,建议抗凝治疗,如果复发可考虑手术切除。

心脏瓣膜附着物中,大家最熟悉的应该是感染性心内膜炎引起的赘生物了,但是大家也一定不要忘了另外两个常见的病因,当然在常见的病因排除后,也要记得这细如发丝的“她”。

原始出处:

[1]Nakahira J, et al. Lambl’s Excrescence onAortic Valve Detected by Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesth Analg.2008;106(6):1639-40.

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    2018-05-23 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317784, encodeId=ffe031e78422, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Wed May 23 08:33:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317726, encodeId=c87431e72669, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:47:24 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317708, encodeId=c57e31e70812, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:19:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317706, encodeId=ffd231e706a7, content=学习了感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C20CB8E4EBB36F5B821651C710BCB491/100, createdBy=18de1715848, createdName=lofter, createdTime=Wed May 23 06:06:52 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317676, encodeId=3f3631e67632, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Wed May 23 05:18:32 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-23 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

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    2018-05-23 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    了解了解.学习学习

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317784, encodeId=ffe031e78422, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Wed May 23 08:33:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317726, encodeId=c87431e72669, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:47:24 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317708, encodeId=c57e31e70812, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:19:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317706, encodeId=ffd231e706a7, content=学习了感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C20CB8E4EBB36F5B821651C710BCB491/100, createdBy=18de1715848, createdName=lofter, createdTime=Wed May 23 06:06:52 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317676, encodeId=3f3631e67632, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Wed May 23 05:18:32 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-23 lofter

    学习了感谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317784, encodeId=ffe031e78422, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Wed May 23 08:33:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317726, encodeId=c87431e72669, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:47:24 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317708, encodeId=c57e31e70812, content=了解了解.学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=67, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=93f31631454, createdName=1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 23 06:19:56 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317706, encodeId=ffd231e706a7, content=学习了感谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/C20CB8E4EBB36F5B821651C710BCB491/100, createdBy=18de1715848, createdName=lofter, createdTime=Wed May 23 06:06:52 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317676, encodeId=3f3631e67632, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Wed May 23 05:18:32 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-23 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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