Cell:扎心了!学习能力不够?记忆力差?都是这些基因影响的!

2018-06-02 Ruthy,Zoe 转化医学网

我们知道,世界上智力拔尖者不过寥寥,人们往往将他们的成功归功于决心和毅力,并以此勉励世人奋发向上。然而,5月31号《Cell》上发表的一篇文章表示,这些人的成功也许是因为他们在出生时就占据了基因优势,一些人类特有的基因在他们体内大展神威,这些基因是人类理解、学习、记忆等能力发展的关键,帮助他们赢在了起跑线上。

我们知道,世界上智力拔尖者不过寥寥,人们往往将他们的成功归功于决心和毅力,并以此勉励世人奋发向上。然而,5月31号《Cell》上发表的一篇文章表示,这些人的成功也许是因为他们在出生时就占据了基因优势,一些人类特有的基因在他们体内大展神威,这些基因是人类理解、学习、记忆等能力发展的关键,帮助他们赢在了起跑线上。

这篇文章的高级作者是UC圣塔克鲁兹基因组学研究所生物分子工程和科学主任教授David Haussler,他们的研究小组指出NOTCH2NL基因组中的NOTCH2NLA,NOTCH2NLB和NOTCH2NLC基因就是影响神经元产生、发展、成熟的关键,这些基因只在人类体内存在,而神经元活动直接决定了人类学习、记忆等高级动作。

简而言之,这些基因直接决定了智商高低!该文以《Human-Specific NOTCH2NL Genes Affect Notch Signaling and Cortical Neurogenesis》为题发表在5月31日的《Cell》上。

应该有人对NOTCH2NL这个基因较为陌生,其实NOTCH2NL基因就是Notch基因家族的一员。我们知道,Notch基因可编码一类高度保守的细胞表面受体,调节人体细胞的生长发育,Notch信号可影响多能祖细胞的分化、细胞凋亡、细胞增殖及细胞边界的形成等细胞生命过程。

当然,这些细胞包括不仅限于神经元细胞,Notch信号传导对大脑发育至关重要,可以控制神经元祖细胞增殖和神经元的分化时间和持续时间,一旦Notch基因发生变化,敏感的神经元细胞就首当其冲了,而变化与否,就取决于NOTCH2NL基因。


NOTCH2NL位置和作用


NOTCH2NL编码Notch蛋白

最初,NOTCH2NL是在血细胞中发现的,当时科学家们认为其是与NOTCH2N末端部分相似的分泌肽,而后,深入研究发现NOTCH2NL的基因位于人类1号染色体的1q21.1基因座上,并且存在四个旁系同源NOTCH2NL样基因:NOTCH2NLA,NOTCH2NLB和NOTCH2NLC。研究人员发现NOTCH2NL是NOTCH2部分重复的结果。

这个过程是将NOTCH2的部分拷贝插入基因组的重复事件,其部分重复的片段是一种非功能性“假基因”,当额外的NOTCH2 DNA复制到其位置时,这种“假基因”就被“复活”,产生功能性基因,这个新的基因重复数次,就会产生四种相关基因,就是NOTCH2NL基因组。这个基因组仅在人类中发现,这四个NOTCH2NL基因中的NOTCH2NLA。

NOTCH2NLB和NOTCH2NLC就是指导原始Notch蛋白截短形成的活性基因,而Notch蛋白是细胞间和细胞内Notch信号传导的重要节点。在许多情况下,Notch信号通路可以调控干细胞的分化。也就是说,对于干细胞什么时候分化成神经元、分化成多少神经元,人们的记忆、学习能力的发展来说,NOTCH2NL基因产生了重大影响。


NOTCH2NL异位表达延缓神经干细胞成熟

研究人员发现,大脑皮质是NOTCH2NL基因最活跃的场所,它们在皮质神经元的神经干细胞池中大量存在。NOTCH2NL基因会延缓神经干细胞成熟,这种延迟发展符合人类发育延迟成熟的特征,从而使大量神经干细胞集中于正在发育的大脑中,当这些神经干细胞成熟后,人们就能充分发挥阅读、理解、记忆的能力了,而这些能力的高低,与皮质神经干细胞的数量息息相关。

另一方面,研究人员发现NOTCH2NL基因位于1号染色体,该染色体长臂上的基因位点大多涉及遗传缺陷,当出现DNA大片段重复或缺失时,就会导致神经系统疾病,这些疾病统称为1q21.1缺失/重复综合征,而NOTCH2NL基因的复制错误就是这种综合征的贡献者之一。

而且因为其仅是单纯的复制错误,且不存在于1q21.1缺失/重复的区域,因此被忽略了很多年,该研究让NOTCH2NL基因的复制错误走入科学家们的视野,有助于自闭症、精神分裂症等神经性疾病的研究有了进一步的发展。

当然,研究人员也指出,NOTCH2NL基因只是促成人类皮质发育的众多因素之一,它很重要,但不是唯一影响人类智力发育的因素。关于学习、认知、理解等能力与基因关系的研究目前大部分处于临床前阶段,而大脑又是人体最复杂的器官,我们需要更多时间进行深入研究,有朝一日才能真正让普罗大众受益。

原始出处:

Fiddes IT,et al.Human-Specific NOTCH2NL Genes Affect Notch Signaling and Cortical Neurogenesis.Cell. 2018 May 31;173(6):1356-1369.e22.

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    2019-02-03 维他命
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    2018-09-05 1e145228m78(暂无匿称)

    学习了,谢谢作者分享!

    0

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    2018-06-03 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-02 易水河

    扎心了.真的是扎心了

    0

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