OCC2018:张俊峰:急诊PCI无复流-慢血流的预测因素及处理策略

2018-06-03 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

编者按:急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中无复流现象是常见并发症,其危害大、可导致患者死亡率增加。6月2日,OCC 2018大会上,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院张俊峰教授针对大家关注的这一问题,介绍了急诊PCI无复流的预测因素和处理策略。

编者按:急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中无复流现象是常见并发症,其危害大、可导致患者死亡率增加。6月2日,OCC 2018大会上,上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院张俊峰教授针对大家关注的这一问题,介绍了急诊PCI无复流的预测因素和处理策略。

无复流现象的类型及病因

心外膜冠状动脉闭塞已开通并排除痉挛、夹层等因素后,缺血组织的微循环血流仍不能完全恢复正常,被称为无复流现象。无复流类型可分为:心外膜无复流、功能性无复流、心肌无复流和结构性无复流。导致无复流现象的常见病因有:远端血栓、缺血性损伤、再灌注损伤、个体易感性和微血管功能障碍。

无复流现象的诊断方法

无复流现象的诊断方法包括冠状动脉造影、心肌声学造影(MCE)和心脏磁共振成像(CMR);MCE是诊断无复流现象的金标准,其评估微血管损伤可视作心肌梗死后左心室重构最强有力的预测因子;CMR是目前判断无复流范围敏感性和特异性最好的方法。有关无复流预测因素的研究有很多,包括血栓负荷程度、缺血时间、缺血程度及与再灌注损伤有关因素以及与个人易感性有关的血脂、血糖等。



图1.AMI患者无复流现象的5年预后评估



表1.无复流预测因素研究

急诊PCI术中对比剂用量与无复流的关系

一项非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的病例对照研究,入选3348例行PTCA+stent术的患者。129例患者出现无/慢血流,累计发生率为3.85%。统计分析显示,对比剂剂量与无/慢血流发生率增加的拐点是160 ml。



图2.急诊PCI术中对比剂用量与无复流的关系

此外,行直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)术的STEMI患者,在对无复流的预测中,C反应蛋白与白蛋白比值(CAR)的临床价值高于C反应蛋白(CRP)、白蛋白水平、淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和白细胞计数。



表2.STEMI患者行PPCI术中,CAR与无复流的关系

无复流现象的预防和治疗

无复流的预防是指要在血运重建之前或过程中尽可能避免各种导致无复流的因素,无复流的治疗是指出现无复流之后的处理。总之,无复流现象重在预防,在出现心肌梗死之前、再灌注治疗之前和导管室中,都应提前做好相应预防措施。

ACS患者PCI术中GP IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂(GPIs)病变内给药和冠状动脉内给药的对比研究(6个RCT的荟萃分析)发现:与冠状动脉内给药相比,病变部位给药更能改善TIMI血流、CTFC、ST段回落(STR),减少MACE且不增加住院期间的出血事件。因此,在防范无复流中推荐在病变部位给予GPIs。



表3. STEMI患者行PPCI术中不同药物冠脉内给药治疗无复流的荟萃分析

对STEMI患者,在标准PPCI的治疗基础上加用山莨菪碱能进一步改善冠状动脉血流、更多的STR以及左心室射血分数(LVEF)的提高;在7种不同药物治疗策略中,山莨菪碱优于其他药物治疗效果(TFG<3,STR,LVEF和MACEs);硝普钠也被认为对改善冠状动脉血流和临床结果有效;腺苷、尼可地尔和维拉帕米亦具有一定心脏保护作用。另外,有小型研究显示,采用GPI+导管抽吸+延长球囊扩张时间的组合治疗也可预防无复流发生。

展望

张俊峰教授指出,只有充分认识无复流的病理生理机制才能对个体患者选择最合适的治疗方法;未来,还需在再灌注损伤高危人群中开展关于新型药物及结合原有药物的大型对照随机研究。

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    2019-04-03 slcumt
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    2018-06-05 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-06-05 zhaojie88
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    2018-06-03 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.长知识

    0

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