重症患者补液这门技术活 你掌握了吗?

2019-04-07 辰辰妈 神经时间

液体复苏是解决危重患者血容量不足或休克的首要治疗措施,但补液量过度会引起肺水肿;补液量不足则引起组织氧合障碍,引起肾血管收缩(以保障重要脏器灌注)从而引发肾功能损伤。两者均会延长机械通气的时间,对病情不利,那么重症患者补液应如何权衡呢?量入为出人体内的体液通过以下几种途径排出体外。1. 肾脏排尿:每日尿量一般约为1000-1500 ml,至少500 ml。每日人体代谢产生35-40 g 固体废

液体复苏是解决危重患者血容量不足或休克的首要治疗措施,但补液量过度会引起肺水肿;补液量不足则引起组织氧合障碍,引起肾血管收缩(以保障重要脏器灌注)从而引发肾功能损伤。

两者均会延长机械通气的时间,对病情不利,那么重症患者补液应如何权衡呢?

量入为出

人体内的体液通过以下几种途径排出体外。

1. 肾脏排尿:每日尿量一般约为1000-1500 ml,至少500 ml。每日人体代谢产生35-40 g 固体废物,而每15 ml 尿能排出1 g 固体废物。

2. 经肺呼出:正常情况下,每日经过呼气而丧失的水分约400 ml。这种水分的丧失也是恒定的,不因体内缺水而减少。

3. 经皮肤丢失:每日从皮肤蒸发的体液约500 ml。这种蒸发也是比较恒定的,也不因为体内缺水而减少。

如有出汗,则从皮肤的丢失会更多,而如有发热,则体温每升高1 ℃,经皮丢失的体液将增加100 ml。

4. 经消化道丢失:肠道每日分泌消化液约8200 ml,其中绝大部分被重吸收,只有约100 ml 从粪便排出。

以上通过各种途径排出或丢失的体液总量约为2000~2500 ml。其中皮肤蒸发(出汗除外)和经肺呼出一般是看不到的,所以称作不显性失水。

这些水份主要来自饮水1000-1500 ml 和摄入的固态或半固态食物所含的水份。体内氧化过程中生成的水份(内生水)约200~400 ml。

正常人摄入的水份和排出的水份基本是相等的,人体每日排出的水量就是需要的水量,约2000~2500 ml。

对于重症患者而言,一个不能进食的成人如果没有水的额外丢失,除去内生水,2000 ml就是最低生理需要量。

制定补液计划

1. 量入为出:患者在就诊前的失水量一般是根据患者的脱水表现进行估计,不很准确。患者就诊后,应准确测量并记录失水量,以后的继续失水量就应该按照记录的失水量进行补充,丢失多少,补充多少。

2. 补什么?

根据患者的实际情况选用:

(1)体液常用:血制品、血浆、右旋糖酐、聚明胶肽等;0.9% 氯化钠注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液等;

(2)补充热量常用:10%葡萄糖注射液等;

(3)功能性液体纠正酸中毒常用:5% 碳酸氢钠或11.2% 乳酸钠等。

3. 怎么补?

具体补液方法如下:

(1)补液程序:先扩容(先用晶体液后用胶体液),然后调整电解质和酸碱平衡;

(2)补液速度:先快后慢,通常60 滴/分,相当于250 ml/h。

需注意的是,心、脑、肾功能障碍者补液应慢,补钾时速度应慢;抢救休克时速度应快,应用甘露醇脱水时速度应快。

补充液体的顺序

总体原则:「先盐后糖,见尿补钾」。

体液的丢失主要是肠液、血或血浆,而这些液体是等渗的,因此,为了恢复血容量,就应当用等渗的液体来补充。

葡萄糖注射液虽然也是等渗的(10% 葡萄糖是高渗的),但进入体内后迅速被代谢为二氧化碳和水,达不到恢复血容量的目的。

脱水患者钾的总量不足,但在缺水的情况下,血液浓缩,患者的血钾不一定降低;

再额外补钾甚至可能使血钾升高,引发高钾血症。因此,只有患者尿量达到40 ml/h 以上时,补钾才是安全的。

安全补液的监护指标

1. 颈静脉充盈程度:平卧时颈静脉充盈不明显,表示血容量不足;若充盈明显甚至呈怒张状态,表示心功能不全或补液过多。

2. 脉搏:血容量减少会导致心率加快,补液后脉搏逐渐恢复正常,表示补液适当;若脉搏变快变弱,则预示病情加重或发生心功能不全。

3. 中心静脉压(CVP):CVP 是指右心房及上下腔静脉胸腔段的压力。它可反映患者血容量、心功能与血管张力的综合情况。

CVP 的正常值为5~12 cm H2O。其一般与血压联合动态观察,存在以下几种情况:

(1)CVP 和血压同时降低,表示血容量严重不足,需要加快补液;

(2)CVP 降低而血压正常,表示血容量不足,需要适当补液;

(3)CVP 增高而血压降低则表示心功能不全或血容量相对过多,应减慢补液并给予强心药物;

(4)CVP 增高而血压正常表示容量血管过度收缩,需要使用舒张血管的药物;

(5)CVP 正常而血压降低,则表示血容量不足或心功能不全,应做补液试验,即10 min 内静脉注入生理盐水250 ml,若血压升高而CVP 不变,则为血容量不足,若血压不变而CVP 升高,则提示患者存在心功能不全。

4. 尿量:患者尿量是比较直观的指标,尿量正常表示补液适当。

5. 血乳酸:血乳酸是休克早期最敏感的指标,血乳酸高于2 mmol/L 称为高乳酸血症,高于4 mmol/L 即为乳酸酸中毒,血容量不足会导致血乳酸升高,因此血乳酸也是反映血容量的一个指标之一。

PICCO 补液

PICCO(pulse contour cardiac output)技术是经肺热稀释技术和脉搏波型轮廓分析技术的综合,用于进一步的血液动力监测和容量管理

近十年来,PICCO 被认为可以作为预测心脏前负荷及液体反应的良好检测方法。

通过PICCO 监测指导补液量可以应用于重症肺部感染、重型颅脑损伤、肺水肿、ARDS、感染性休克、急性左心衰等等患者的液体管理,尤其适用于需要补液却合并心功能不全的患者。

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    2021-02-03 Doctoryangbai

    太棒了

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    2020-12-04 ms4000001251440074

    学习

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    2019-05-18 tulenzi
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    2019-04-11 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好

    0

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    2019-04-11 yjs木玉

    好好好好

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=922442, encodeId=4bfb9224426a, content=太棒了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLyXfB3bOYOsDt885AsrYWhiaRtRdPh9aZlXugm7XErBVXusv5fJLIKWTicmjSQcOibDiaLzE2YMD44PA/132, createdBy=49f71976501, createdName=Doctoryangbai, createdTime=Wed Feb 03 13:24:40 CST 2021, time=2021-02-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=904906, encodeId=a0679049063a, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3f625421130, createdName=ms4000001251440074, createdTime=Fri Dec 04 16:48:15 CST 2020, time=2020-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2079108, encodeId=10ab20e910816, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=caa55488ea4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#技术活#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54887, encryptionId=caa55488ea4, topicName=技术活)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=54f9127, createdName=tulenzi, createdTime=Sat May 18 16:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364462, encodeId=e154364462ad, content=好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Thu Apr 11 06:18:39 CST 2019, time=2019-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364461, encodeId=7e20364461aa, content=好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Thu Apr 11 06:18:30 CST 2019, time=2019-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1284059, encodeId=514d12840592d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cdb79594643' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重症患者#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95946, encryptionId=cdb79594643, topicName=重症患者)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6c3a189, createdName=longqijun248, createdTime=Tue Apr 09 14:30:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364283, encodeId=41f43642836a, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/iaAVWEsIJUkA1ITy3uL0lhHUhyaJibWgFtH4KbJuaLbY2WUK33jgCFyoZ8Eqx7eE7hCuZhytc1C5GRrfjVXN8lYg/0, createdBy=fcb82149579, createdName=183****7028, createdTime=Mon Apr 08 03:58:12 CST 2019, time=2019-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-08 183****7028

    学习

    0

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