Nat Biotechnol:无需DNA模板,麻省大学华人学者开发的新型CRISPR基因编辑策略对准多突变杂合型遗传病

2018-08-18 陈婉仪 医麦客

麻省大学医学院的研究人员开发了一种Cas9/sgRNA基因组编辑策略,用于纠正遗传病小鼠模型中的复合杂合隐性突变,这也是隐性遗传疾病患者的常见基因型。

麻省大学医学院的研究人员开发了一种Cas9/sgRNA基因组编辑策略,用于纠正遗传病小鼠模型中的复合杂合隐性突变,这也是隐性遗传疾病患者的常见基因型。

该方法无需使用供体DNA模板,就能将存在于两个杂合等位基因中的非突变遗传信息重组为功能性等位基因。研究人员表示这种策略有望促使开发出一种适用于大量遗传性疾病患者的治疗方法。该成果于8月13日在线发表在Nature Biotechnology上。

其中,华人学者高广坪博士是通讯作者之一,同时他也是麻省大学医学院和四川大学华西医院生物治疗国家重点实验室的教授,生物制药公司Voyager Therapeutics的联合创始人,致力于人类疾病的分子遗传学和病毒载体基因治疗。


第一作者王丹(左)和高广坪(右)(图片来源:umassmed)

与现有的方法相比

Cas9介导的基因编辑有望纠正人类疾病的DNA突变。原则上,许多突变可以通过使用外源DNA模板的同源定向修复(HDR)进行单独校正。然而,单基因隐性遗传疾病通常涉及整个基因组中存在的许多不同的突变。例如,FAH基因中超过95种已知突变可引起1型遗传性酪氨酸血症(HT1)。

因此,不依赖于突变基因的修复策略可以避免递送外源DNA模板,从而大大简化了治疗方法的开发。

本次研究中,王丹等人使用了腺相关病毒载体(AAV)递送sgRNA向导的Cas9,诱导等位基因交换并挽救疾病表型,并且证明了这种方法对复合杂合隐性突变引起的两种疾病的治疗效果。

与其他治疗性体内基因组编辑方法相比,Cas9/sgRNA介导的等位基因交换的治疗策略有几个优点:

①设计的灵活性:单个经过验证的sgRNA足以纠正多个不同的突变;

②对不同突变的兼容性:sgRNA可以靶向内含子位点,避免蛋白质编码序列中框外插入缺失的潜在破坏作用,并增加潜在靶位点的范围,因此可能适用于更多患者;

③更好的安全性:无需外源DNA修复模板,避免了对靶基因产物引入不希望的改变,实现无痕基因编辑。

研究思路

在复合杂合子中,突变基因的每个等位基因都有不同的遗传病变,大量的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,包括HT1和溶酶体疾病,都是由这种复合杂合突变引起的。而在许多遗传性疾病中,一个功能基因拷贝的存在足以支持正常的细胞功能。

于是,研究人员假设将两个复合杂合突变的等位基因上存在的正确遗传信息重组成可以产生功能性拷贝的等位基因。他们使用重组腺相关病毒载体(rAAV)将Cas9/sgRNA基因组编辑系统递送给复合杂合小鼠模型,两个同源染色体中产生双链DNA断裂(DSB),从而诱导两个不同突变等位基因之间的等位基因交换并挽救疾病表型。


CRISPR介导的基因交换模型

两种疾病模型中的结果

01.I型遗传性酪氨酸血症(HT1)

HT1是由FAH基因的突变引起的,其编码的富马酸乙酰乙酸水解酶(FAH)是一种酪氨酸分解代谢所需的酶。FAH的丧失导致肝脏和其他器官中有毒的酪氨酸代谢物的累积。

研究人员使用了两个携带Fah基因不同突变的HT1小鼠模型,即Fahneo/neo小鼠和FahPM/PM小鼠,产生了复合杂合的Fahneo/PM小鼠模型。


HT1小鼠模型的复合杂合突变

首先,他们使用一对肝脏向性重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)载体系统处理新生的

Fahneo/PM小鼠,从而产生促进等位基因交换的基因组DNA断裂。

该rAAV系统包括:

- 表达化脓性链球菌的Cas9的rAAV9(rAAV9-SpCas9)

- 单个靶向Fah内含子7的指导RNA的scAAV8(scAAV8-sgFah);对照组用靶向Aspa内含子2的sgRNA替换sgFah(scAAV8-sgAspa)

经处理的新生小鼠喂有含有可以阻断酪氨酸分解代谢以缓解毒性的NTBC(2-(2-硝基-4-三氟甲基苯甲酰基)-1,3-环己二酮)的饮用水直至5周龄,促使基因组编辑有足够的时间发生。



5周龄后,研究人员对来自每组的两只小鼠实施安乐死,并证实了Fah和Aspa sgRNA均在肝脏中的靶向基因组位点诱导插入或缺失(indels)。根据肝组织切片的FAH免疫组化(IHC)结果,sgFah处理的小鼠中检测到FAH阳性细胞(深棕色),但sgAspa对照小鼠没有检测到。总肝脏RNA的逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)显示在sgFah中存在野生型Fah mRNA,而在sgAspa对照小鼠中同样没有检测到。


设计的SpCas9、sgFah和sgAspa以及检测到的indels


肝组织切片及RT-PCR产物琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果

另一部分未安乐死的小鼠在出生后5周停用NTBC,以确定Cas9/sgFah处理的小鼠是否有足够的功能性FAH蛋白产生。结果表明,经sgFah处理的小鼠:

- 最初体重减轻,但最终达到正常;

- FAH阳性肝细胞形态学正常且重建了大部分肝脏,反映出校正肝细胞具有生长优势;

- 无突变的Fah基因表达恢复至正常水平的40%;

- 血清转氨酶(ALT和AST)水平显着降低,反映肝损伤恢复。



sgFah处理小鼠的各项指标明显改善

在另一组实验中,Cas9和sgFah在年轻成年复合杂合小鼠中的rAAV递送也挽救了疾病表型,表明等位基因交换可以在出生后阶段快速增殖的肝细胞中发生。

最后,为了测试等位基因交换是否是复合杂合Fah突变小鼠中疾病校正的机制,研究人员使用环化PCR策略来产生包含两个原始突变的短扩增子,并对扩增子进行测序。结果是,他们仅在sgFah处理的小鼠中检测到交换的等位基因,而没有在对照小鼠中检测到。

02.I型粘多糖贮积病(MPS-I)

进一步,研究人员测试了等位基因交换在MPS-I复合杂合子模型中的治疗效果。

该疾病是一种由于缺乏α-L-艾杜糖醛酸酶(IDUA)引起的溶酶体疾病,由此产生某些类型的糖胺聚糖(GAGs)的积累。已被证明,残留的IDUA活性低至正常水平的0.2%可以减轻MPS-I患者的疾病严重程度。

经治疗后,在复合杂合MPS-1成年小鼠中检测到心脏中基因组DNA水平和cDNA水平的等位基因交换,IDUA活性恢复至正常水平的~0.5%,并且显着降低心脏中GAG的积累。因此,进一步证明了Cas9诱导的等位基因交换具有在有丝分裂后组织中进行基因校正的潜力。


MPS-1小鼠症状得到减轻

结语

尽管纯合或显性基因突变引起的疾病仍然需要通过HDR修复机制进行校正,但对于大量复合杂合隐性突变患者,如果能根据上述无需DNA模板的CRISPR介导的等位基因交换策略从而开发出的新型治疗方案,那么将具有更大的普适性并且节约成本。

而显然,该研究对机制还未进行深入探讨,因此下一步还必须对等位基因交换中涉及的确切DNA修复机制进行阐明,这将关系到该方法的治疗前景。

原始出处:Dan Wang, Jia Li, Chun-Qing Song, et al. Cas9-mediated allelic exchange repairs compound heterozygous recessive mutations in mice. Nature Biotechnology. 13 August 2018

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    2018-12-07 sunylz
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    2019-07-10 cathymary
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    2018-10-17 shock_melon
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    2018-09-06 liye789132251
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    2018-08-20 yuandd
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