甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验

2017-10-07 佚名 首都急危重症医学高峰论坛

20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物,作为治疗脑水肿、降低颅内压、预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼、大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿、腹水等常用药、首选用药,在临床广泛应用,特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要。回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况,谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验。


20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物,作为治疗脑水肿、降低颅内压、预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼、大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿、腹水等常用药、首选用药,在临床广泛应用,特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要。回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况,谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验。

1 甘露醇的临床应用经验:

20%甘露醇脱水作用快、强,作用时间较长。注药后10min~20min内颅内压开始下降,0.5h降到最低水平,可使颅内压降低50%~90%。约1h后颅内压开始回升,约4h~8h回升到用药前水平。一般用量:1g/kg.d~2g/kg.d,0.25g/次~0.5g/次,3次/d~4次/d。输入速度以10ml/min~15ml/min为宜。

1.1 甘露醇应用注意点:静点过快,短时间内血容量剧增,循环负荷过重而致心衰或肺水肿,引起一过性血压升高,肾血管收缩,肾小球滤过率下降而致急性肾功能损害,特别是儿童与老年人。甘露醇中加入氨茶碱、维生素C可提高疗效,减少用量。每克甘露醇约排尿10ml。进行性肾衰,肺水肿,颅内活动性出血(开颅手术除外)者慎用,老年及心衰者联合速尿。应用中注意水电解质平衡。

1.2 甘露醇静点要求:静点时,护士必须及时巡视,严密观察滴注速度和病情变化。对危重患者或需加压滴注者,必须自始至终守护床前,有异常情况及时报告医生处理。甘露醇必须在无结晶情况下应用,若有结晶,应先加温溶解后方可使用。若静滴时出现结晶,应及时更换,以防影响治疗。由于甘露醇滴速较快,易刺激局部产生疼痛,严重者引起静脉炎,导致静脉变硬、闭塞等,因此,要经常更换注射静脉部位或使用静脉留置针。

1.3 甘露醇临床应用指导原则:最好在颅内压监测下,调整用药。颅内压(ICP)正常成人为0.7kpa~2.0kpa(5mmHg~15mmHg),儿童为0.4kpa~1.0kpa(3.0mmHg~7.5mmHg)。临床上多将颅内压大于2.7kpa,作为需要进行颅内降压治疗的界值。颅内压(ICP)监测临床意义:

①量化监测颅内压。
②了解颅内压容积代偿能力。
③早期发现颅内病变,早期予以处理。
④监测脑灌注压(CPP)与脑血流量(CBF):CPP=平均动脉压(MSAP)-平均颅内压(MICP);CBF=CPP/CVR(脑血管阻力)。正常的CPP9.3kpa~12.0kpa。当ICP>5.3kpa,CPP<6.7kpa时,脑血管自动调节失败。当ICP接近MSAP时,颅内血流几乎停止,患者可在20秒内进入昏迷状态,4min~8min可能进入植物生存状态甚至死亡。
⑤指导治疗。调整脱水剂、血管解痉剂等用量。⑥提高疗效,降低死亡率。⑦判断预后。

1.4 临床颅内压简易判断方法:

⑴急性颅内高压,可出现头痛、恶心、喷射样呕吐、意识障碍,但无视乳头水肿,视乳头水肿一般在急性颅内高压3d~4d出现,7d达高峰;Cushing综合征:呼吸、脉搏减慢,血压升高,是中度和重度颅内高压的表现。
⑵甘露醇应用后10min~15min,典型颅内高压症状明显减轻或消失,说明颅内高压需治疗干预。
⑶下一次应用甘露醇前出现典型颅内高压,用药后达到上次用药效果时,说明用药间隔时间合理。
⑷病人头痛等症状用药前后变化不明显,应用考虑其他原因所致。
⑸血管性头痛,静点甘露醇后头痛亦能有所缓解,是因甘露醇的扩容作用,短时间内脑血流增加,但头痛缓解持续时间较短。
⑹静点甘露醇后,病人头痛症状加重或病情恶化,随补液、头低位等处理症状缓解,提示颅内低压。

2 甘露醇的临床应用误区:  

⑴  要考虑颅内病变,首先予20%甘露醇静点。
⑵  不了解颅内压,甘露醇用量过大。
⑶  甘露醇用时过长。
⑷  甘露醇静点,越快越好。
⑸  脱水时,不注意水电解质平衡,过度脱水。
⑹  甘露醇含糖量高,静脉滴注可致血糖升高。

2.1 就目前情况看,只要怀疑脑出血或脑梗死时,大部分现场急救的医务人员都会立即应用20%甘露醇。实际上甘露醇的说明书上很清楚地注明:颅内活动性出血者禁用(开颅手术除外)。除非有脑疝迹象,否则在最初几个小时内不用或慎用甘露醇。甘露醇使血肿以外的组织脱水后,可使血肿-脑组织间的压力梯度增大,从而促使血肿扩张或加重活动性出血。自发性脑出血后8小时内开始使用甘露醇的患者,其血肿增大的发生率(85.7%)显着高于8小时以后使用甘露醇的患者(17.2%)。Hallenbeck等临床研究及动物试验证明,甘露醇治疗急性脑梗塞确有疗效,但疗效的好坏程度与局部脑血流量及减轻脑水肿的程度无关。

2.2 甘露醇应用最好在颅内压监测下,调整用药。临床上多将颅内压大于2.7kpa,作为需要进行颅内降压治疗的界值。提出控制颅内高压阈值的目的是使在防治脑疝形成的同时,也应防止医源性过度降颅压而引起不良后果。

2.3 甘露醇用时过大、用时过长,可使肾小管变性及堵塞,以致出现少尿或氮质血症;实验证明静脉注射甘露醇96小时内即可见到肾脏损害,大量快速静点时,可造成渗透性肾病(又称甘露醇肾病);甘露醇还可进入血脑屏障破坏区,加重局部脑水肿;大剂量、长时间使用或血浆渗透压超过320mmol/L时,可引起电解质紊乱、肾功能衰竭、酸中毒等。

2.4 甘露醇的输入速度以10ml/min~15ml/min为宜,根据个体情况,适量调整。甘露醇输入速度过快,短时间内血容量剧增,引起一过性血压升高,以致头痛、视力模糊,同时肾血管收缩,肾小球滤过率下降而致急性肾功能损害。

2.5 甘露醇是一种结晶糖醇,甜度相当于蔗糖的57%~72%,易溶于水,水溶液呈碱性,在空气中不氧化,在人体内代谢与体内胰岛素无关,不是口腔微生物作用的适合底物而不致龋齿。甘露醇作为脱水药和渗透性利尿剂,临床应用不会导致血糖增高,且可作为糖尿病患者、肥胖者以及防龋齿的甜味剂。

3 甘露醇静点护理问题及措施:

⑴如果注射静脉出现疼痛、发红等变化及时采取热敷或应用有效药物,防止静脉炎发生。
⑵避免药物渗于皮下组织引起剧痛、水肿甚至坏死。发现穿刺部位有外渗透情况,应及时更换穿刺部位。渗液处行硫酸镁热敷,必要时可行普鲁卡因局部封闭注射。
⑶心功能不全及脱水至少尿的患者慎用,有活动性颅内出血者禁用(开颅手术时除外),因能透过胎盘屏障,引起胎儿组织水肿,故孕妇禁用。
⑷大量、长时间应用可致急性肾功能衰竭,需观察并记录尿的性状、监测肾功能,一旦产生明显肾功能损害,改用甘油果糖及速尿。甘露醇快速脱水利尿引起电解质紊乱,监测中心静脉压及电解质,及时补充体液及电解质。
⑸可影响某些检查结果,可使血胆红素、肌酐增加,尿酸、磷酸盐增加,分析检验结果时需充分认识。

3.1 神经科病人甘露醇使用率较高,静脉留置针、中心静脉穿刺、PICC穿刺的应用,大大减轻了血管穿刺性损伤,同时所选血管较粗,血流速度较快,降低了静脉炎的发生率。一旦出现注射静脉疼痛、发红等静脉炎症状,及时采取酒精湿敷、50%硫酸镁热敷、甘露醇加温输入等方法,可控制静脉炎症状,必要时更换部位,进行静脉穿刺。

3.2 输注甘露醇时,一旦发生渗漏,需及时处理,可采取50%硫酸镁局部湿敷、0.01%酚妥拉明溶液浸湿纱布湿敷、烫伤膏外敷等措施,可改善微循环,消除水肿,防止组织坏死。如外渗伴有局部淤血,可普鲁卡因局部封闭注射,可降低局部血管的脆性,从而减轻或阻止液体的外渗及疼痛反应,缓解血管痉挛,改善缺血缺氧状态,有利于渗出物的吸收,减轻局部损伤。如处理不及时,超过24h多不能恢复,对已发生局部缺血,严禁使用热敷,因热敷可使局部组织温度升高,代谢加快,氧耗增加,加重组织坏死。

3.3 甘露醇的规范使用,引起急性肾功能衰竭临床发生率并不高,通过观察并记录尿量、尿的颜色,监测尿常规、肾功能,能及时发现肾功能损害,维持水电解质平衡,联合速尿、甘油果糖应用,一般预后良好。如发生较重肾功能损害,予床旁持续肾脏替代治疗或行血液透折治疗,可改善肾脏功能,同时加强原发脑部疾患治疗,以提高疗效。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835709, encodeId=7f991835e09d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 24 19:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295681, encodeId=6d6e129568149, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e02468846d4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甘露醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68846, encryptionId=e02468846d4, topicName=甘露醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f73a255, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308816, encodeId=5e0e13088162e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251434, encodeId=59e52514340e, content=不错的文章.值得一读., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 00:12:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251144, encodeId=bc4f2511446c, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 15:27:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251110, encodeId=397e2511107e, content=谢谢分享.有点意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 13:36:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251100, encodeId=714b2511003e, content=20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物.作为治疗脑水肿.降低颅内压.预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼.大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿.腹水等常用药.首选用药.在临床广泛应用.特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要.回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况.谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 12:48:08 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835709, encodeId=7f991835e09d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 24 19:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295681, encodeId=6d6e129568149, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e02468846d4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甘露醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68846, encryptionId=e02468846d4, topicName=甘露醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f73a255, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308816, encodeId=5e0e13088162e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251434, encodeId=59e52514340e, content=不错的文章.值得一读., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 00:12:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251144, encodeId=bc4f2511446c, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 15:27:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251110, encodeId=397e2511107e, content=谢谢分享.有点意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 13:36:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251100, encodeId=714b2511003e, content=20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物.作为治疗脑水肿.降低颅内压.预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼.大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿.腹水等常用药.首选用药.在临床广泛应用.特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要.回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况.谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 12:48:08 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835709, encodeId=7f991835e09d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Sun Jun 24 19:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1295681, encodeId=6d6e129568149, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e02468846d4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甘露醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=68846, encryptionId=e02468846d4, topicName=甘露醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f73a255, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1308816, encodeId=5e0e13088162e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=aa7291842d9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#误区#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91842, encryptionId=aa7291842d9, topicName=误区)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e9a6357, createdName=xiangyuzhou971, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 01:57:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251434, encodeId=59e52514340e, content=不错的文章.值得一读., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160914/IMG57D82E721DB581755.jpg, createdBy=4fc81933929, createdName=明天会更好!, createdTime=Mon Oct 09 00:12:26 CST 2017, time=2017-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251144, encodeId=bc4f2511446c, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=353a2047758, createdName=137****9095, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 15:27:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251110, encodeId=397e2511107e, content=谢谢分享.有点意思, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM7GibvIBibibnnnvpajk2stlDF5oichYahI6Bia8uxeTBFoPbdoHWebyXf9eal9FNgUF2lNcrwoZicM3BvQ/0, createdBy=a3742066385, createdName=戒馋,懒,贪, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 13:36:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=251100, encodeId=714b2511003e, content=20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物.作为治疗脑水肿.降低颅内压.预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼.大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿.腹水等常用药.首选用药.在临床广泛应用.特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要.回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况.谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo7cJ6ejWUr2nIia8qOvAKNdLHr32Df6G8iaoaOx6pHaoiacwp26DaslxZHCGbibZhhCGven4rvmWP60GahtzgFjgCjR/0, createdBy=6b111703011, createdName=有备才能无患, createdTime=Sat Oct 07 12:48:08 CST 2017, time=2017-10-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-09 明天会更好!

    不错的文章.值得一读.

    0

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    2017-10-07 137****9095

    henhao

    0

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    2017-10-07 戒馋,懒,贪

    谢谢分享.有点意思

    0

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    2017-10-07 有备才能无患

    20%甘露醇注射液作为中国药典收录国家基本药物.作为治疗脑水肿.降低颅内压.预防和治疗急性肾功能衰竭及青光眼.大面积烧烫伤等引起的水肿.腹水等常用药.首选用药.在临床广泛应用.特别是在神经学科疾病治疗中尤其重要.回顾性总结甘露醇在神经学科疾病中的使用情况.谈谈甘露醇的临床应用误区及经验.

    0

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