Gorham-Stout综合征累及多个胸椎、肋骨一例

2019-10-17 金开元 张雪梅 王梦 临床放射学杂志

患者男,14岁,10天前因外伤致脊柱损伤后出现咳嗽、咳少量白色黏痰。无畏寒、发热,无心悸、气促,无胸痛、咯血。胸椎CT:胸段脊柱以T7椎体为中心后凸,T6~9椎体及附件骨、双侧第6~9肋骨对称性多发斑片状、虫蚀状骨质破坏,边界不清,T7椎体变扁,同水平椎管狭窄,椎旁软组织未见异常(图1、2)。

患者男,14岁,10天前因外伤致脊柱损伤后出现咳嗽、咳少量白色黏痰。无畏寒、发热,无心悸、气促,无胸痛、咯血。胸椎CT:胸段脊柱以T7椎体为中心后凸,T6~9椎体及附件骨、双侧第6~9肋骨对称性多发斑片状、虫蚀状骨质破坏,边界不清,T7椎体变扁,同水平椎管狭窄,椎旁软组织未见异常(图1、2)。
 


图1 CT轴位示T8椎体、附件及双侧肋骨多发筛孔状骨质破坏,边界不清,右侧胸腔积液;图2 CT矢状位MPR重组示T7~9椎体及棘突筛孔状骨质破坏伴T7椎体压缩性骨折
 
胸椎MRI:T6~9椎体及附件骨质信号不均,见片状长T1、长T2信号及部分短T1信号,T7椎体变扁,同水平椎管前后径变窄,以该水平为中心脊柱后凸畸形。双侧7~9肋骨见虫蚀样骨质破坏。右侧胸腔积液(图3~5)。





图3、4 MRI T1WI、T2WI矢状位示T7~9椎体多发斑片状长T1、长T2信号,内见小片状短T1信号;图5 MRIT2WI轴位示T8椎体及双侧肋骨呈长T2信号
 
胸水外观为淡红色浑浊;李凡他试验(++);总蛋白28.0g/L,葡萄糖6.81mmol/L;尿乳糜定性检查(+)。手术所见:显露T7~9棘突、椎板、关节突及横突,其表面见散在蜂窝状骨眼,乳白色液体随呼吸运动从骨眼呈潮水样出现与消失;完整分离T8横突,见横突断面呈腔隙性改变,腔隙波及椎弓根、椎体,亦可见乳糜性液体渗出。病理:骨组织内见较多扩张的血窦伴出血,有单核及淋巴细胞浸润,部分可见纤维组织及死骨,考虑Gorham-Stout综合征(图6)。



图6 镜下示骨组织内较多扩张的血窦伴出血(HE×100)
 
讨论
 
Gorham-Stout综合征(GSS)又称大块骨质溶解症、鬼怪骨、幽灵骨、消失骨病及急性自发性骨吸收等。1955年Gorham和Stout通过对24例该病进行总结、研究发现病变是由于髓腔内血管畸形或淋巴管增生导致骨质溶解,并正式命名为Gorham-Stout综合征。GSS是一种罕见的原因不明的进行性单发或多发骨溶解病变,其死亡率约13%,但如果病变累及脊柱或胸部其死亡率上升至33.3%~52%。由于该病一般不伴有骨质增生或新生骨生成,因此大部分患者即使伴有很轻微的外伤也可导致病理性骨折。
 
GSS可发生于任何年龄,以5~25岁的儿童和青少年多见。无性别、遗传因素差异。本病可以发生于任何骨骼,但肩关节、骨盆及下颌骨最易受侵,约占所有报道病例的20%,累及脊柱较少见。GSS临床表现无特征性,可表现为局部疼痛、肿胀及功能障碍等。影像学检查能发现病变但诊断困难。
 
综合文献资料结合本例CT、MRI表现,总结GSS主要有以下影像学特点:(1)骨质结构呈蜂窝状改变,骨皮质变薄;(2)病变累及胸骨、胸椎及肋骨时多伴有胸腔积液;(3)长骨破坏区残端削尖变细,无骨膜反应、软组织肿块等;(4)骨扫描病变早期病变区放射性物质分布均匀,后期多为放射减低或缺失区;(5)MRI表现与病变组织成分及出血的不同阶段有关,早期血管组织增生呈稍长T1、长T2信号,晚期纤维组织为主时呈长T1、短T2信号。GSS临床上罕见,诊断困难,需结合临床表现、影像学表现及组织学特征综合分析,其中影像学表现尤为重要,本例中特征性骨质破坏和乳糜胸对本病的诊断具有重要的提示作用。
 
原始出处:

金开元,张雪梅,王梦,李邦国.Gorham-Stout综合征累及多个胸椎、肋骨一例[J].临床放射学杂志,2018,37(05):736-737.

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