JAMA:大环内酯类抗生素可缓解非囊性纤维化支气管扩张患者的感染性肺病

2013-04-11 Medpage dxy

两个为期一年的随机临床试验证实,红霉素和阿奇霉素这两个大环内酯类抗生素可减轻非囊性纤维化支气管扩张肺感染的急性加剧,但代价是对这两个药的抗药性增加。据澳大利亚南布里斯班Mater成人医院的David Serisier (MBBS,DM)及其同事所说,在BLESS临床试验中,每日低剂量红霉素维持治疗的患者,其肺感染急性加剧率明显低于使用安慰剂的患者(1.29 vs 1.97人年,发病率比0.57,9

两个为期一年的随机临床试验证实,红霉素和阿奇霉素这两个大环内酯类抗生素可减轻非囊性纤维化支气管扩张肺感染的急性加剧,但代价是对这两个药的抗药性增加。
据澳大利亚南布里斯班Mater成人医院的David Serisier (MBBS,DM)及其同事所说,在BLESS临床试验中,每日低剂量红霉素维持治疗的患者,其肺感染急性加剧率明显低于使用安慰剂的患者(1.29 vs 1.97人年,发病率比0.57,95%置信限0.42 - 0.77)。
与此类似,荷兰阿尔克马尔医学中心Josje Altenburg博士及其同事发现,在BAT临床试验中,使用阿奇霉素的患者肺感染急性加剧的中数值明显降低(0 vs 2,P<0.001)。
按照发表于3月27日美国医学会杂志(JAMA)的这两个临床试验结果,和安慰剂组相比,两药均改善肺功能,且阿奇霉素可明显改善生活质量。但由于在这两个临床试验中,均证实患者对大环内酯类的抗药性增高,两组作者均敦促这些病患群体谨慎使用大环内酯类。在同期发表的北爱尔兰贝尔法斯特女王大学Stuart Elborn博士和Michael Tunney博士撰写的编辑部评论中也重申了这一观点。
但评论撰写者说,考虑到这两个药物的临床疗效和这两项临床试验的选择标准,“在过去几年中急性加剧发作2次或2次以上支气管扩张的患者该考虑使用大环内酯类进行治疗”。Elborn和Tunney写道:“长期使用大环内酯类对抗生素抗药性的影响仍不清晰,但应劝阻临床医生对临床特征与这些研究中有效患者不同的患者开具大环内酯类处方”。
长期口服抗生素、吸入妥布霉素、吸入皮质类固醇激素、粘液溶解剂等几种方法一直未被证实对非囊性纤维化支气管扩张患者有效。
先前一项随机临床试验EMBRACE证实,阿奇霉素对于减轻非囊性纤维化支气管扩张肺感染的急性加剧有效,但治疗仅持续6个月,且未对大环内酯类的抗药性进行系统评估,留下了进一步研究的空间。
BLESS临床试验包括117例年龄在20-85岁(红霉素组平均61岁、安慰剂组64岁)间且不吸烟的患者,需系统抗生素治疗的感染急性加剧在过去一年至少发生过2次。病人随机分配到琥乙红霉素400mg每日两次组或安慰剂组。
主要结局是治疗方案定义的肺感染急性加剧发生率,肺感染急性加剧定义为需抗生素给药的痰量或脓痰的持续增加,且伴有至少两个症状出现新恶化:痰量、脓痰、咳嗽、呼吸困难、胸痛、咯血。
红霉素明显减低恶化率,全体患者或预先指定的罹患绿脓杆菌气道感染亚组患者均如此。
Serisier及其同事写道:“需进行进一步研究以评估这一可能性——频繁感染恶化绿脓杆菌的患者或许代表了这一治疗方法应用范围的合适亚组。”
积极治疗亦可减少痰量和减缓肺功能的减退,但对生活质量或6分钟步行试验结果无明显影响。
研究人员称,参试者对该治疗的耐受良好。无死亡病例,仅1例严重不良事件(发生于安慰剂组)。无患者发生新的心律失常。
但口咽链球菌对大环内酯类抗药的比例增高。中位数的变化在积极治疗组为27.7%,在安慰剂组为0.04%(P<0.001)。
作者写道:“尽管应用红霉素可见临床获益,共生的口咽链球菌对红霉素抗性的增高抑制了其广泛使用。”他们也承认,该研究是在单个中心进行的,病人代表的只是罹患该疾病的澳大利亚人城市居民。
因此,他们写道:“鉴于潜在的生态风险,我们的研究设计与结果使得我们强烈反对将这些结果外推至更广泛的病人”。
BAT临床试验在荷兰的14个中心进行,83例患者被随机分至阿奇霉素250 mg每日1次组或安慰剂组,阿奇霉素组平均年龄是60岁,安慰剂组65岁。所有患者在进入研究的前一年至少发生过3次下呼吸道感染。
主要结局是感染加剧的次数,积极治疗能减少这一次数。在研究期间,至少发生1次感染加剧患者的百分率在阿奇霉素组明显减低(46.5% vs 80%,风险比0.29,95%置信限0.16-0.51)。与红霉素一样,和安慰剂组相比,阿奇霉素也能改善肺功能。它也能改善生活质量和症状评分。胃肠道不良事件包括腹痛和腹泻,在阿奇霉素组较常见(40% vs 5%)。阿奇霉素组和安慰剂组由于疑似不良影响而中断治疗的发生率无差异,积极治疗组2.3%,安慰剂组2.5%。对大环内酯类抗药在阿奇霉素组发生率为88%,在安慰剂组为26%(P<0.001)。
Altenburg及其同事写道:虽然需考虑对抗生素抗药性的影响,但缓解疾病恶化可获得更好的生活质量并可能影响生存期。
支气管扩张相关的拓展阅读:


原文阅读:Macrolides May Help in Non-CF Bronchiectasis
Two macrolide antibiotics -- erythromycin and azithromycin -- reduced infectious pulmonary exacerbations in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, but at the cost of increased resistance to the drugs, two year-long randomized trials showed.
In the BLESS trial, the rate of pulmonary exacerbations was significantly lower for patients receiving a daily low dose of erythromycin for maintenance therapy than for those receiving placebo (average 1.29 versus 1.97 per patient per year, incidence rate ratio 0.57, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.77), according to David Serisier, MBBS, DM, of Mater Adult Hospital in South Brisbane, Australia, and colleagues.
Similarly, in the BAT trial, the median number of pulmonary exacerbations was significantly lower with daily azithromycin (zero versus two, P<0.001), according to Josje Altenburg, MD, of Medical Center Alkmaar in the Netherlands, and colleagues.
Both drugs improved lung function relative to placebo, and azithromycin significantly improved quality of life, according to results from the two trials published in the March 27 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association....

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    2013-10-13 amy0559
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    2013-11-26 wolongzxh
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    2014-02-16 lsj637
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