盘点:Nature多篇亮点研究揭示膀胱肿瘤基因组突变中DNA修复及损伤的关键角色

2016-05-24 佚名 生物谷

图片来源:medicalxpress.com 在过去几十年里,全世界的科学家们都在对癌细胞的基因组进行全方位解析,试图揭开驱动肿瘤生长的基因密码;随着对成千上万个在肿瘤细胞DNA中积累的基因突变进行精确分析,研究人员如今发现的致癌基因的数量越来越多了;近日科学家们就将研究目光转移到了其它关键问题上,即什么样的生物学过程会引发DNA发生突变? 来自麻省总医院的研究者Gad Getz说道,

图片来源:medicalxpress.com

在过去几十年里,全世界的科学家们都在对癌细胞的基因组进行全方位解析,试图揭开驱动肿瘤生长的基因密码;随着对成千上万个在肿瘤细胞DNA中积累的基因突变进行精确分析,研究人员如今发现的致癌基因的数量越来越多了;近日科学家们就将研究目光转移到了其它关键问题上,即什么样的生物学过程会引发DNA发生突变?

来自麻省总医院的研究者Gad Getz说道,我们在患者肿瘤中发现的突变是一种融合形式,即是细胞中多个不同过程遗留下来的基因“遗骸”,我们并不知道什么过程是预先发生的,但利用复杂的计算机模型,我们就揭开了其中的机制,同时揭示了不同癌症发生的生物学机制,以及如何有效治疗癌症。

发表在Nature Genetics杂志上的一篇研究报告中,研究者Getz及其同事报道了他们对大约300个尿路上皮肿瘤的深度分析结果,尿路上皮肿瘤是一种膀胱癌,其每年影响着全球接近15万人的健康;文章中研究者揭示了一种已知DNA修复过程—核苷切除修复的新型角色,同时研究者还首次阐明了烟草在癌症发生中的基因组证据。

标记搜寻

为了重新追踪引发癌症基因突变的生物学过程,研究者Getz同其它癌症基因组研究者共同研究了所谓的突变标记,突变标记是肿瘤DNA遗留的突变模式,其反映了不同的引发突变的事件或暴露情况;比如吸烟会对肺癌细胞的基因组产生一种特有的标记,而研究者就可以通过进行大规模测序调查肺部肿瘤的基因组来对这种标记进行揭示,随后再利用先进的计算机算法来揭示吸烟引发的不同遗传类型的精确排列。

尽管对驱动癌症的基因的研究依赖于基因的突变,同时对基因突变特性的分析还能够拓宽研究者的视野;Getz说道,在研究中我们并不关注驱动突变,大部分的突变都只是凑凑热闹的“乘客突变”(passenger mutations),实际上其并不会引发癌症,但其却可以作为生物驱动力的副产物来引发肿瘤基因组的突变。

损伤修复的标记

近日,研究者Getz和其同事揭开了和尿路上皮癌相关的研究发现,他们指出,核苷切除修复(NER途径)途径的核心组分ERCC2基因在尿路上皮癌中频繁突变,更重要的是,截至目前为止,这是唯一一种仅ERCC2基因明显突变的肿瘤类型;此外来自博德和达纳-法伯研究所的研究人员通过研究揭示了ERCC2基因突变和膀胱癌患者对癌症疗法反应之间的关联,研究者发现,携带ERCC2突变的的患者往往对顺铂比较敏感,顺铂是一种基于铂的化疗方法,其可以诱导DNA发生损伤,而这种损伤通常可以通过NER途径和其它修复途径来修复,因此这就表明,DNA修复或许在膀胱癌中扮演着重要角色。

为了进一步深入研究,研究者Jaegil Kim等人在一项大量的尿路上皮癌队列研究中分析了DNA突变的特性模式,他们发现了四种肿瘤的关键特性,随后研究者又搜寻了和膀胱癌患者机体中癌症标记5活性增加的突变基因,果不其然他们发现了ERCC2,而研究者不仅在大型队列研究中发现了,而且还在两项独立的尿路上皮肿瘤中也有所发现。

研究者指出,标记5突变的原因或许会DNA修复直接相关,Jaegil Kim就表示,我们假设这些突变都是在吸烟或其它诱变剂诱导的DNA损伤水平增加的情况下所产生的,在很多癌症中,DNA修复系统通常会很好地发挥作用并且修复大部分的损伤,然而在ERCC2突变的膀胱癌中,DNA的修复系统处于功能障碍状态,因此标记5的DNA突变会持续存在。

研究者认为,尽管ERCC2和标记5之间存在较强的遗传关联性,但缺失ERCC2突变的多个肿瘤往往会表现出标记5的活性,更有意思的是,少数肿瘤在不同的NER通路基因上会出现突变,尽管数目比较少,但足以证明DNA修复在膀胱癌发生中的角色。相关研究结果也不断补充了科学家们关于错误DNA修复与突变特性关联的研究。

确凿的证据

很多年来,我们都知道吸烟会增加个体患膀胱癌的风险,尽管这是临床中所观察到的结果,目前并没有大量证据可以证实吸烟对膀胱癌的生物学影响;的确在研究中,Getz及其同事并没有观察到膀胱肿瘤基因组中的任何典型“吸烟”特性,这些特性包括标记4以及和嚼烟相关的特性标记等;然而研究者揭开了这些典型的“吸烟”特性和标记5活性的明确关联,不管肿瘤是否含有ERCC2突变,相比不吸烟患者而言,吸烟患者都会表现出标记5突变的明显高度流行。

研究者Kim说道,此前研究工作并没有揭示吸烟如何引发膀胱癌突变的直接基因组证据,由于缺乏典型的吸烟标记,因此本文研究中研究人员就提供了一种基因组指纹分析来揭示吸烟对机体的生物学影响。此外,为了反应吸烟对膀胱癌的基因组影响,研究人员对标记5的研究也揭示了其它重要的临床特性;而DNA修复系统中的缺失就可以提供一种易感性来供开发靶向疗法。

揭开膀胱癌及它主要类型癌症的遗传易感性或脆弱点就可以展现突变特性研究的“圣杯”,如今来自全球的相关研究团体都正在研究绘制多种癌症的遗传特性图谱;并且解释其生物学意义,研究者们希望可以尽快揭开癌症的易感性标记,从而可以开发更加有效的癌症疗法。



原始出处:

Jaegil Kim et al. Somatic ERCC2 mutations are associated with a distinct genomic signature in urothelial tumors, Nature Genetics (2016). DOI: 10.1038/ng.3557

S. Kasar et al. Whole-genome sequencing reveals activation-induced cytidine deaminase signatures during indolent chronic lymphocytic leukaemia evolution, Nature Communications (2015). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9866

E. M. Van Allen et al. Somatic ERCC2 Mutations Correlate with Cisplatin Sensitivity in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma, Cancer Discovery (2014). DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0623

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    2016-09-30 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

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    2017-04-25 liye789132251
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    2016-05-26 jambiya

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