医学统领之下的健康领域 心理咨询与治疗的重心在那里?

2019-06-23 马恩祥 健康号

从社会公众的角度,心理咨询与治疗本来不是什么问题,但在以法治国的职业化社会,心理咨询与心理治疗确实存在着非常重要的专业性区分,是一个不得不澄清的重要问题。

从社会公众的角度,心理咨询与治疗本来不是什么问题,但在以法治国的职业化社会,心理咨询与心理治疗确实存在着非常重要的专业性区分,是一个不得不澄清的重要问题。

心理咨询是从预防医学的角度来维护人们的心理健康,本来是应该最为推崇的。国家早年的卫生工作方针就是预防为主,防治结合。但为何预防工作又很难普及与开展呢?恐怕与社会经济的发展水平当时还不够高有关,也可能与东方文化圈的形而实的陆地文化思维有关。当一个人没有健康问题的时候,健康的需求就不会显现,至少不会是突出的需要。而一旦患上疾病,才不得不接受医疗,心理障碍是个十分隐秘的现象,当然不容易被洞悉,而一旦外显往往就十分严重到精神病的另一个极端状态了。

从社会医疗保障制度的设计来看,社会心理服务已经引起了国家的高度关注与重视,心理健康教育也纳入到公共产品的范围,但作为边界较宽的心理咨询仍然当着市场化的产品服务,在实行基本医疗保险制度的情况下,健康保险还没有成为居民的普遍需求之下,心理咨询也不太可能纳入其中。心理咨询作为一种价格较高的市场化社会服务项目,其普及程度仍然会较低。

从心理咨询的服务本质来看,心理咨询的对象是主动来寻求帮助的健康人群,其咨询目标主要是心理成长、人际关系协调与个人社会生活适应(诸如职业生涯、家庭生活等)。来访者应该是一些有自我管理能力和良好自知力的健康人,通过主动的心理咨询来获得有益的帮助。随着市场经济的更加繁荣、市场竞争的更加激烈,心理咨询的市场也会越来越好。但从当下的心理咨询机构的来访者结构看,其实主要的多是有心理障碍甚至是精神疾病的人,因为不愿意被标签为“心理障碍”或“精神障碍”而选择到心理咨询机构咨询而不是医疗机构就诊。

这也让社会最终误解了百万心理咨询师的服务水平。2017年9月时任的某国家卫生部门相关负责人在人民日报发表文章《心理健康助力全面小康》,明确谈论“国家心理咨询师职业资格鉴定要求偏低,缺乏实际操作技能考核,也缺乏获证后的继续教育和督导,造成大多数获证人员不具备实际开展心理咨询的能力。”就笔者来看,因为心理咨询机构的来访者并不是真正的心理咨询服务对象,而大多属于心理治疗的患者,服务对象的错位当然就会导致社会认知误解了,这与心理咨询师资格鉴定的要求与其实际操作技能考核恐怕没多少关系。服务对象的错位也可从很多心理咨询师自己都声称使用什么疗法中可见一斑。

为何心理障碍的患者不愿意到属于医疗机构的精神卫生中心就诊,而非要到心理咨询机构来访或者到医院内科就诊呢?这可能与民族的社会文化特征有关。我们是典型的东方文化社会,注重实际,俗话说“眼见为实”。东方文化一般也认为患身体疾病是客观原因,值得同情;而患上精神疾病或者产生心理障碍,会被社会认知为个人主观问题,常常遭遇到一定的社会偏见与歧视。因而从患者本人或者家庭来说,当然就有意无意地不愿意正视心理障碍的现实。

同时也由于医学模式实践只重视生物医学、不重视心理与社会医学,而在借鉴西方科学技术时,又一味地强调心理健康的预防而轻视心理障碍的治疗,从而让心理咨询师快速扩张,而心理治疗师严重不足,让本就一体化心理咨询与心理治疗弄得严重的失平衡。百万心理咨询师与不足一万人的心理治疗师对比,其差距何其大,社会的导向失策才导致了今天的心理咨询师被否定、同时心理治疗师又严重缺少的困难局面。

要想改变心理咨询而心理治疗不平衡的社会大环境,笔者认为多管齐下的同时要重点突出。

一是要加强社会的心理健康教育,正确认识到心理障碍需要的首先不是咨询而是心理治疗。心理障碍的发生并非是个人主观原因起决定作用,物理客观和社会环境变化也是决定性的因素。心理障碍的责任并不在于个人,而在于环境与社会。建立这样的社会共同认知,降低心理障碍人群的社会心理压力,从而让他们能自觉接受甚至是主动寻求心理治疗。

二是要大力培养心理治疗人才,尤其是把那些有心理学背景的专业人才。譬如把心理教育工作者、心理咨询师、医生、护士、社会工作师等都组织起来,接受系统的心理治疗专业培训。另外不要把心理治疗限定于职业,而应当把心理治疗当着一门专业,更可以简单地看作一门应该为各健康维护专业人才的技术。

三是做时代引领者,从自我做起,加入到心理治疗师的专业队伍中来。当前和未来的社会需要大批的专业心理治疗师,以配合医疗机构的临床医生和社会心理机构的心理咨询师来从事心理健康的修复,视消除患者的心理障碍为己任。自古“英雄造时势、时势造英雄”,笔者以为,继心理咨询师报考热潮之后,一个心理治疗师报考热潮已经到来。但属于高质量的心理治疗师的报考,不像心理咨询师报考那么简单,报考者不是简单的学习培训心理治疗就可的,而应当首先置身于心理治疗的工作角色之中,成为一名卫生技术人员,即先有角色与岗位,才后有心理治疗专业的报考资格。所以,从价值含量来看,心理治疗师的价值是心理咨询师不可比拟的。这也是为什么国家出台的相关文件表述中,定位精神科医生和心理治疗师指导心理咨询师的原因吧。

总之一句话,心理咨询与心理治疗中,重心在于心理治疗,人们的心理健康恢复与维护专业任务最终要落到心理治疗师的身上。

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    2019-06-25 百草

    666

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    2019-06-24 一个字-牛

    学习了谢谢分享

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