eLife:“长生不老”的机理-生命不朽的秘密

2018-02-14 榕榕 来宝网

霍华德休斯医学研究所(HHMI)调查员Yukiko Yamashita及其同事发现,产生精子的干细胞使用遗传技巧来保持世代不变。随着年龄增长,果蝇基因组的某些部分变短。但值得注意的是,一些生殖细胞可以修复萎缩,Yamashita的团队2018年2月13日在eLife杂志上报道。

霍华德休斯医学研究所(HHMI)调查员Yukiko Yamashita及其同事发现,产生精子的干细胞使用遗传技巧来保持世代不变。随着年龄增长,果蝇基因组的某些部分变短。但值得注意的是,一些生殖细胞可以修复萎缩,Yamashita的团队2018年2月13日在eLife杂志上报道。

这种基因组缩小可能是老龄化的一个方面,并暗示着细胞可能会阻碍老化。到目前为止,科学家们只在酵母中才观察到收缩现象。如果结果适用于人类,他们可以提供我们的细胞如何随着时间推移衰老的见解。

在这项研究中,密歇根大学生命科学研究所的Yamashita及其同事专注于编码核糖体DNA或rDNA的重要基因。这些基因携带组成核糖体的部分指令,这些细胞将RNA分子转化为人体所需的蛋白质。

大多数基因仅限于单个遗传位置,但rDNA基因在基因组的多个位点重复。例如,在人类中,五条染色体含有一段rDNA基因,每个位点含有数百个重复的。这种基因重复使细胞能够产生足够的核糖体原料以保持细胞运转。

当细胞复制重复的DNA链并分裂时,细胞就会滑落。 “最终的结果是,每个周期都会有一些副本丢失,”Yamashita说。 “他们正在从染色体中出来。”

这种损失与单细胞酵母的老化有关。但对于多细胞生物,rDNA在衰老中的作用一直是个谜。 Yamashita和她的同事检测了果蝇睾丸中干细胞中的rDNA基因。这些称为生殖干细胞的细胞可以连续分裂,每次创造自身和精子细胞的拷贝。

在果蝇中,rDNA基因的链在X和Y染色体上。研究人员发现,与年轻的雄性果蝇相比,老年男性在Y染色体上缺乏rDNA基因 - 留下一条皱缩的Y染色体。

更重要的是,这种rDNA的缺乏似乎是代代相传的。 Yamashita及其同事发现,老年蝇类父亲(40天龄)将其数量减少的rDNA基因传给他们的儿子。这些儿子的rDNA基因拷贝比年轻父亲的儿子少得多。

但随后研究人员看到了令人惊讶的事情。在很多情况下,这种rDNA损失本身就会逆转。在大约10天时,父亲所生的儿子已经找到了足够的rDNA。 Yamashita说:“这种恢复是我们没有想到的”。研究人员还不知道这种重置是否也可能发生在雌性干细胞。

尽管还有更多的工作要做,但Yamashita怀疑类似的重新设计可能适用于某些人类细胞,包括干细胞和癌细胞。 “当然,我们不是苍蝇,”她说,但人类中的某些不朽细胞可以执行同样的恢复活力,以防止随着年龄增长而出现的rDNA下降。

她说,通过寻找某些细胞如何持续保持年轻,该项目“触及了生殖细胞的不朽的秘密”。

原始出处:

Kevin L Lu et al. Transgenerational dynamics of rDNA copy number in Drosophila male germline stem cells, eLife (2018). DOI: 10.7554/eLife.32421

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    2018-09-19 膀胱癌
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    2018-02-14 clmlylxy
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    2018-02-21 虈亣靌

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-02-14 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    学习了.涨知识

    0

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    2018-02-14 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

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    2018-02-14 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

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