检验报告丨重要机会致病菌:大肠埃希菌

2018-07-07 胡茜/杨莲 SIFIC感染官微

大肠埃希菌(E. coli)通常称为大肠杆菌,是人类和大多数温血动物肠道中的正常菌群,当机体抵抗力下降时可成为条件致病菌,引起人体各部位内源性感染。

大肠埃希菌(E. coli)通常称为大肠杆菌,是人类和大多数温血动物肠道中的正常菌群,当机体抵抗力下降时可成为条件致病菌,引起人体各部位内源性感染。目前,大肠埃希菌已成为医院感染的重要机会致病菌之一。除引起人类肠道疾病外,还可侵入肠外组织引起尿路感染、腹腔感染、胆道感染、肺部感染、血流感染、脑部感染和肌肉结缔组织感染等[1]。大肠杆菌主要来自人和动物的粪便,因此要加强饲养管理,严格清除传染源,对环境进行消毒,以防止大肠杆菌的传播。

近年来,细菌耐药性不断升高,细菌耐药问题已成为全世界急需解决的医学难题。产酶是大肠埃希菌主要耐药机制之一,如ESBLs、AmpC、KPC酶,可对抗菌药物进行修饰降解使其失活,另外大肠埃希菌的耐药机制还有细菌膜孔蛋白缺失、主动外排作用、靶位结构改变等[2-3]。

临床分离的大肠埃希菌产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)的比例约为64.7%,主要分离于泌尿外科、普外科,主要来自尿标本,占 47.7%。它是尿路感染的主要病原菌。近年来,细菌耐药性呈逐年上升趋势,不同地区、医院、科室分布有所不同[4]。产ESBL的大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、哌拉西林和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率均接近或高于50%,对替加环素的耐药率均低于2.3%,对3种碳青霉烯类的耐药率仍较低多在10%以下[1,4]。

一、报告单分析解读

微生物检验报告单



上述报告单:样本状态正常;涂片,革兰阴性杆菌;培养鉴定,大肠埃希菌;菌落计数(培养法)大于1×10E5cfu/ml;药敏结果有MIC数值、有敏感度解释。报告单结果看似检验科能提供的都有了,但仔细分析还需要有改进的地方:

临床诊断、抗菌药物使用等临床信息不详。

标本采集方式不详。应注明:清洁中段尿、导管尿、耻骨上穿刺尿、膀胱导尿、回肠通道术尿[5]。

没有培养时间。阴性结果报告“接种10μL,培养xx天,无高于100CFU/ml分离株生长”;或“接种1μL,培养xx天,无高于1000CFU/ml分离株生长”。阳性结果须报告定量培养xx天分离株及其菌量。若有3种或更多分离株时,不做鉴定,此时报告“3种或更多种微生物生长,建议重新留取清洁中段尿液复查”[6]。

药物排列紊乱,MIC值没有单位,药敏结果没有列出判断标准,药敏没有折点和版本。该部分内容应包括实验方法、测定值、结果判定、折点、折点依据。

备注中ESBL缩写应给相应的解释,结果应表示有或者无ESBLs。

二、药敏实验抗菌药物选择与分组

1、按CLSI  M100规定,用于肠杆菌科细菌测试和报告的抗菌药物:

A组:氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、庆大霉素或妥布霉素。

B组:阿米卡星、头孢呋辛、头孢吡肟、头孢西丁或头孢替坦、头孢曲松或头孢噻肟、环丙沙星/左氧氟沙星、甲氧苄啶或磺胺甲恶唑、“多尼培南、厄他培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南”四类碳青霉烯类任选一种、“阿莫西林/克拉维酸、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、Ceftolozane/他唑巴坦”四类复合制剂选一种。

C组:氨曲南或头孢他啶、头孢洛林、氯霉素、四环素。

U组:磷霉素、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑、呋喃妥因、头孢唑啉(非复杂性尿道感染的替代实验药物)。

2、ESBLs实验室检测

检测ESBLs的常用方法有初筛实验和确证实验,通常用头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松或氨曲南做初筛实验;用头孢他啶和头孢他啶+克拉维酸,头孢噻肟和头孢噻肟+克拉维酸做确证实验。

2010年CLSI公布了肠杆菌科细菌对头孢菌素和氨曲南敏感性的表型检测解释标准,指南推荐了更低的折点,从而不再需要常规进行ESBL检测,也不需要在报告单中将头孢菌素、氨曲南或青霉素的结果从敏感修改为耐药。

2014年CLSI修订了头孢吡肟的折点,并提出了“剂量依赖性敏感”(SDD)替代“中介”[7]。

3、产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌感染的治疗


图1 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌感染临床决策流程图

尿路感染中大肠埃希菌分离率最高,为65.0%,其中产ESBLs比例分别为52.3%~68.8%,产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌引起的急性单纯性下尿路感染可选用呋喃妥因或磷霉素氨丁三醇口服治疗;存在产ESBLs细菌耐药危险因素的复杂性尿路感染,可选择β-内酰胺类/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合制剂、头霉素类、呋喃妥因或磷霉素,继发重症脓毒血症或脓毒性休克的患者可直接选用碳青霉烯类抗生素[8]。

注释:

MIC:是英文“Minimal Inhibit Concentration”的缩写,中文翻译为“最小抑菌浓度”。

CLSI M100:是临床细菌药敏试验重要指南,是由临床微生物学专家、临床感染病学专家、临床药学专家等共同编写,是临床微生物学工作人员、临床医生、临床药师抗感染参考指南之一。每年更新一次,每次更新内容都有文献依据。

ESBLs:是Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases的简写,翻译为超广谱β内酰胺酶。是一类由质粒介导的β-内酰胺酶,能水解氧亚氨基-内酰胺类抗生素(包括第三代、第四代头孢菌素但不包括头霉素),大多数能被β-内酰胺酶抑制剂如克拉维酸(CA)所抑制。凡是能够产生这类酶的细菌就可以叫做产ESBLs细菌。

SDD:是英文“Susceptible-dose Dependent”的缩写,中文翻译为“剂量依赖性敏感”,是指当使用比常规用药更高剂量或更高血药浓度时能够取得疗效。CLSI建议肠杆菌科头孢吡肟药敏试验时,用“SDD”代替“中介”。

原始出处:

[1] 周华,李光辉,陈佰义.等. 中国产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肠杆菌科细菌感染应对策略专家共识[J].中华医学杂志.2014.94.24:1847-1856.

[2] 陈建国.药理学(第3版) [M].科学出版社,2010:294-295.

[3] 李俐,蒋燕群.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌外膜蛋白与耐药机制的研究进展[J].上海交通大学学报(医学版).2010,30(11):1433-1436.

[4] 胡付品,郭燕,朱德妹等. 2017年CHINET 中国细菌耐药性监测.中国感染与化疗杂志. 2018.18 (3):241-251.

[5] J.迈克尔.米勒. 临床微生物标本送检指南[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,2013.9.

[6] 王辉 .细菌与真菌涂片镜检和培养结果报告规范专家共识[J].  中华检验医学杂志 2017,40(01): 17-30.

[7] 王辉,马筱玲,钱渊,等.临床微生物学手册[M]. 第11版.北京:中华医学电子音像出版社,2017: 903-925.

[8] 产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染防治专家委员会.产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染防治专家共识[J].中华实验和临床感染病杂志.2010.4.2:207-213.

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2080632, encodeId=65d220806328c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=55fa43835bc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大肠埃希菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=43835, encryptionId=55fa43835bc, topicName=大肠埃希菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8ca5383, createdName=bbjsj_1979, createdTime=Sun Nov 04 09:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1956999, encodeId=92db1956999d4, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=00fe62580f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#检验报告#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62580, encryptionId=00fe62580f6, topicName=检验报告)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3dd32500118, createdName=644982816_68283321, createdTime=Fri Sep 21 20:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1626211, encodeId=36e4162621160, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c11d864884d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#致病菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=86488, encryptionId=c11d864884d, topicName=致病菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=32d320995014, createdName=cooco, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 17:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330142, encodeId=eda933014218, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/07/a9772c74ffd6edc03a7f9af07b4747f6.jpg, createdBy=b3722138742, createdName=sunfeifeiyang, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 09:49:58 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330138, encodeId=c8f23301383c, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/fhZdOu27e88Voqh19n8eF8cLplo8L4nicKtH0WnE3KFELXns5XDu8rsiceK2HHDZc2SEStia5VV3Pia2QLMVqlWbHw/0, createdBy=6e012139475, createdName=神功盖世, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 09:48:28 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329883, encodeId=37d43298833a, content=好好好好好好好好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/29/bbc5cc0eed9b8d17623d2fd49dbdf19a.jpg, createdBy=79522135794, createdName=yjs木玉, createdTime=Sat Jul 07 06:46:07 CST 2018, time=2018-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329872, encodeId=e65d3298e257, content=一起学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/TDiaAWyicHgedzX3wKo3qcxudVJib7AfibfvNeufHRF2jG3Bw8MmZyWjIhtBV1mpJI7Sy9n7RcBKK5t3CuOKuOFxkg/0, createdBy=dd702206933, createdName=wzb521zf, createdTime=Sat Jul 07 06:15:55 CST 2018, time=2018-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 cooco
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    2018-07-08 sunfeifeiyang

    学习

    0

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    2018-07-08 神功盖世

    学习

    0

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    2018-07-07 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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    2018-07-07 wzb521zf

    一起学习学习

    0

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