超长时间的手术,这些风险你都注意了吗?

2018-05-24 江建峰 麻醉逻辑

手术时间只有更长,没有最长!

你做的最长手术是几个小时?

5小时

10小时

...

手术时间只有更长,没有最长!

工作中长时间的手术经常能碰到,有些科室是超长手术专业户,例如神经外科,动辄就8-10小时;还有肝移植手术,手术时间长风险高,必须长时间保持精神集中,很考验麻醉医生的水平。一般来说,手术时间超过3小时,除了一些常见的并发症以外,一些可能导致更严重的后果的并发症更应引起我们的注意,这些都与长时间手术与麻醉有关,必须保持高度警惕,做到提前预防

1.低体温

手术时间长、麻醉引起的血管扩张、手术室温度低等均导致体温快速下降,特别脂肪含量少的患者。低体温引起代谢性酸中毒、凝血功能低下。建议最好每位患者监测体温,至少预估手术超过3小时者行体温监测,简易红外温度测量仪间断监测耳后温也是不错的选择。同时液体加温、保暖等措施从手术开始就应考虑在内。

2.压疮

不要觉得这只是手术护士应该关注的,我们的很多操作都可能形成压疮,心电图线、胃管、牙垫等,只要直接接触患者皮肤,长时间都可以导致明显得压疮,特别需要指出的是指脉氧压迫手指3小时以上就可能出现较明显的压疮,这些都应该完全避免。

3.套囊

长时间插管,膨胀的套囊造成气管黏膜缺血甚至损伤坏死,2-3小时放松套囊一次或有补益。

4.下肢深静脉血栓

此类并发症后果严重、致残致死率高。特别是长时间腹腔镜手术,腹腔压力严重阻碍了下肢静脉的回流,血栓更易形成;应用弹力袜、防血栓加压仪等有一定的预防效果。

5.血容量与尿量

长时间手术极容易出酸中毒、电解质紊乱、贫血及凝血功能障碍等,应每隔1-2小时复查血气,同时评估出入量。同时,尿的量及颜色也可一定程度上反应血容量及代谢情况,正常保证0.5ml/kg以上。

6.麻醉药物蓄积

脂溶性高的麻醉药更容易二次分布进入脂肪等组织,导致苏醒时间延长。如丙泊酚持续输注3小时内敏感半衰期在15min以内,以后输注每增加1小时,半衰期延长5min左右。

7.膨肺

一些手术或患者体位,加上长时间手术,极容易造成肺不张,术中及手术快结束时行膨肺手法减少肺不张。

8.眼睛保护

眼睛长时间暴露容易形成角膜炎;来自手术部位的栓子和眼部压迫可能导致视网膜中央动脉主干或分支闭塞;除此以外,长时间俯卧位且大量失血发生缺血性视神经病变较高。麻醉医生应告知俯卧位、长时间手术且可能大量出血的情况下存在术后视觉丧失的风险。

9.皮下气肿与二氧化碳气胸

现在腔镜手术开展很广,手术也越来越长。气腹压力对各脏器的压迫缺血容易引起酸中毒,同时二氧化碳的吸收越来越多,开始出现二氧化碳升高,随后可出现皮下气肿,甚至二氧化碳气胸。

10.管路积水与二氧化碳复吸

长时间手术后呼出的冷凝水积蓄,可明显增加气道压力;同时也应该注意钠石灰失效,避免二氧化碳重复吸收。

以上并发症更多发生于进行长时间手术患者,如有不足之处,请留言赐教。希望予您收获!

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    2018-05-27 chunjianf

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-05-26 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2018-05-25 1e16d8a5m40(暂无匿称)

    学习了

    0

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    2018-05-25 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-05-25 sunfeifeiyang

    0

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    2018-05-25 易水河

    还有一个大问题.术者首先可能吃不消

    0

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    2018-05-25 yjs木玉

    好好好好好好好好

    0

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    2018-05-25 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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