Science:阿尔茨海默症患者大脑早期紊乱?新研究首揭“导火索”

2019-08-13 顾露露 生物探索

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种慢性神经退行性疾病,其临床特征在于记忆和认知功能的进行性恶化。关于阿尔茨海默症的致病理论存在多个假说,当下主流的包括遗传因素致病假说、β-淀粉样蛋白假说、tau 蛋白假说。

阿尔茨海默症(AD)是一种慢性神经退行性疾病,其临床特征在于记忆和认知功能的进行性恶化。关于阿尔茨海默症的致病理论存在多个假说,当下主流的包括遗传因素致病假说、β-淀粉样蛋白假说、tau 蛋白假说。

其中,关于β-淀粉样蛋白假说的实验证据不断增加。所谓β-淀粉样蛋白假说,即已经出现临床症状的阿尔茨海默症患者的大脑中含有大量的β-淀粉样蛋白(即斑块)沉积。目前治疗方法大都侧重于清除斑块,但迄今为止,这些尝试收效甚微。究其缘由,研究人员认为,是因为没有很好地理解其潜在的病理机制。

近日,来自德国慕尼黑工业大学(TUM)的一个团队找到了阿尔茨海默症患者学习和记忆受损线索——兴奋性神经递质谷氨酸导致的神经元“过度活跃”。相关研究结果发表在《Science》杂志上。值得关注的是,这是首个揭示阿尔茨海默症早期细胞功能障碍机制的研究。


Arthur Konnerth(左)和Benedikt Zott(右)图片来源:TUM

TUM的神经科学高级教授Arthur Konnerth解释说,及早发现和治疗阿尔茨海默症至关重要。过渡活跃的神经元发生在非常早期的阶段——远在患者出现失忆之前,因此,我们把目光聚焦于此。由于神经元病理性过度激活,大脑中连接的神经元不断接收错误信号,导致信号处理能力受损。

谷氨酸是“关键”

我们知道,神经元使用一种叫做神经递质的化学物质来相互交流。而谷氨酸正是这些化学物质中最重要的一种,它可以激活连接的神经元。具体来说,谷氨酸在两个神经元之间的连接位点(突触)释放,然后从那里快速移除谷氨酸分子以允许下一个信号的传输。这个过程一方面是通过泵分子主动发生,另一方面通过谷氨酸沿着膜的简单输送被动地发生。


海马体中的神经元,一个用于学习和记忆的大脑区域,在阿尔茨海默症的早期阶段已经受损。图片来源:TUM

研究人员发现,在过度活跃的神经元的突触间隙中,谷氨酸浓度较高且持续时间过长。这背后就是β-淀粉样蛋白分子在“作祟”,它阻止谷氨酸从突触间隙转运出去。研究小组还使用患者样本中的β-淀粉样蛋白分子和各种小鼠模型测试了这一机制,都获得了相似的结果。

早期治疗策略的启示

研究小组还发现,神经递质阻滞是由β-淀粉样蛋白的早期可溶性形式介导的,而不是由斑块介导的。β-淀粉样蛋白最初以单分子形式(单聚体)出现,然后聚集成双分子形式(双聚体)和更大的链,最终形成斑块。这也解释了为何许多以β-淀粉样蛋白假说为依据的药物都收效甚微,因为这些药物大多在患者“已经出现轻微症状”的时候使用,其实这时已经晚了。此外,研究人员还根据该研究成果提出了一个阿尔茨海默病的疾病模型。



总结来说,Konnerth与他的博士生Benedikt Zott和整个研究团队一起,成功地确定了阿尔茨海默症患者大脑早期紊乱的原因和触发因素。这一发现可能为新的治疗方法开辟了道路。

原始出处:Benedikt Zott1,2, Manuel M. Simon1,2, Wei Hong3, et al. A vicious cycle of β amyloid–dependent neuronal hyperactivation. Science  09 Aug 2019

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随着年龄的增长,体细胞突变在各种组织中积累。近日,韩国科学技术院(KAIST)的研究人员发现,大脑中出现的体细胞突变可能导致阿尔茨海默病的发生。

Science :一夜没睡,患阿尔茨海默症风险或升高

长期以来,睡眠不足一直被认为与阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer’s disease)有关,但研究人员对睡眠不足如何导致这种疾病却知之甚少。此前已有研究证明,睡眠问题和阿尔茨海默症在一定程度上与该疾病的标志蛋白质β淀粉样蛋白相关。

eLife:阿尔茨海默症的基因可能在20多岁时就表现出影响

一项新的研究发现,当有阿尔茨海默症(AD)家族史的年轻人出现记忆衰退时,这可能是严重问题的早期征兆。 为了更好地掌握AD家族史对未来风险的影响,研究者对近60000名18至85岁的男女进行了一项在线单词记忆测试。首先展示12组两个词,之后,只随机显示一个单词,每个受试者被要求回忆起缺失的单词。这个过程重复三次。近5000名有家族史的参与者也提供了血液或唾液样本,测量样本中与AD风险相关的

Neurology:高精度血浆β-淀粉样蛋白42/40预测脑淀粉样变性准确率为94%

以淀粉样蛋白PET或者脑脊液(CSF)标本中p-tau181/Aβ42为参照标准,研究高精度检测血浆β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)42/Aβ40法能否对脑淀粉样变性进行准确诊断。采用免疫沉淀法和液相色谱-质谱法,对158名认知正常人血浆和脑脊液标本中的Aβ42/Aβ40 进行检测,且进行了淀粉样蛋白PET扫描。血浆Aβ42/Aβ40 与淀粉样PET状态(受试者工作特征曲线下面积[AUC]0.88,95%置

Neuron:基因多样小鼠模型打造阿尔茨海默最佳治疗

国家老龄化研究所(NIA)资助的一项研究表明,将遗传多样性纳入阿尔茨海默病的小鼠模型,这将会导致这种普遍的人类疾病的研究可以更全面,可以覆盖到遗传、分子和临床特征的研究,NIA是国家卫生研究所的一部分。