宝刀尚未老,新剑已开锋——PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的现状和新机遇

2019-04-02 佚名 药渡

2018年似乎是中国的PD-1/PD-L1年,2018年6月15日O药(纳武利尤单抗)上市破冰后仅一个月,K药(帕博利珠单抗)也打开了中国市场,国产药企创新能力更是不俗,拓益(特瑞普利单抗)和达伯舒(信迪利单抗)在2018年末重磅亮相。面对中国这一广阔的市场,各家药企纷纷加速了PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的研发速度,欲在这块大蛋糕上分一杯羹。新产品、新试验、新适应症,又会为肿瘤市场带来怎样的改变和冲

2018年似乎是中国的PD-1/PD-L1年,2018年6月15日O药(纳武利尤单抗)上市破冰后仅一个月,K药(帕博利珠单抗)也打开了中国市场,国产药企创新能力更是不俗,拓益(特瑞普利单抗)和达伯舒(信迪利单抗)在2018年末重磅亮相。面对中国这一广阔的市场,各家药企纷纷加速了PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的研发速度,欲在这块大蛋糕上分一杯羹。新产品、新试验、新适应症,又会为肿瘤市场带来怎样的改变和冲击呢?笔者总结了目前国内外上市的和部分在研的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,包括新型多靶点二代PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂,以及这些药物在中国和世界范围内开展临床试验的情况,希望和大家一起共同学习探讨。

一、PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂作用机制

近一个世纪以来,人们对抗癌症的努力主要集中在“强化/提高”免疫激活机制——根据已知的免疫分子机制开发各种类型的免疫疗法,通过调节控制免疫调节和免疫激活机制来“促进”免疫激活,以提高抗肿瘤免疫应答的数量和质量。这种通用方法的目的是激活和增强免疫反应,所以我们把这种方法称为“增强免疫疗法”。这种“增强免疫疗法”消除病毒和细菌等外来因素效果较好,但是对抗内生癌症效果并不理想——往往既达不到客观缓解,还会引发免疫相关副作用。因为癌症与免疫反应的对抗并不仅仅是靠侵袭和体积快速增加等“物理袭击”,更是借助“魔法攻击”来延迟、改变甚至阻止抗肿瘤免疫,也就是我们所说的“免疫逃逸机制”,这种机制通常会破坏人体内的抗肿瘤免疫力,导致肿瘤生长失去控制。

因此阻断这些免疫逃逸机制成为了癌症免疫治疗的新策略,这种新策略的目的是修复由于肿瘤诱导而失去的抗肿瘤免疫力,因此我们将其称为“癌症免疫正常化疗法”。第一个也是研究得最深入的免疫逃逸机制就是细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PD)途径。程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death protein- 1, PD- 1)是重要的免疫检查点之一,通过与其两个配体PD- L1和PD-L2的相互作用,促进淋巴结内抗原特异性T细胞凋亡,同时抑制调节性T细胞凋亡,在维持机体免疫耐受中发挥至关重要的作用。肿瘤细胞及肿瘤微环境通过上调PD-L1 表达并与肿瘤特异的CD8+T 细胞表面的PD-1结合,来限制宿主的免疫反应,相当于达到“免疫逃逸”。在肿瘤微环境中,炎症因子的刺激同样可以诱导PD-L1和PD-L2的表达,其中IFN-γ是最重要的刺激因子。而能够识别肿瘤抗原的活化肿瘤浸润性T淋巴细胞则是IFN-γ的重要产生者,这一过程被称为“适应性免疫抵抗”。因为PD-1仅在活化的T细胞表达,因此PD-1介导的抑制性信号仅作用于已产生肿瘤特异性反应后的T细胞,即PD-1+CD8+T 细胞的功能被PD-1介导的抑制性信号阻断,此过程被称为“肿瘤特异性的T细胞选择性抑制”通俗来讲,也就是肿瘤可以抑制对自己产生“杀意”的T细胞。应用PD-1免疫检查点抑制剂后,将这一阻断解除,肿瘤浸润性CD8+T 细胞扩增,恢复了对肿瘤的识别和杀伤作用,达到抗肿瘤的效果。多个实验表明:阻断该途径的疗法能够有效改善对多种肿瘤的抗肿瘤免疫应答[1,2]。

二、国内外已上市PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂

目前美国FDA和中国NMPA批准上市的PD-1抑制剂共有5种,PD-L1抑制剂美国上市3种,中国尚无PD-L1单抗上市。目前在中美上市的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂如下:





上市最早的帕博利珠单抗和纳武利尤单抗自2014年上市后销售额便一路攀升,2017年当年销售总额分别达3,809.00万美元和5,754.25万美元,目前在中国上市未满一年,考虑到国内的广大市场,2018年两药销售总额可能会新上一个台阶。此前已在美国上市的avelumab、durvalumab和atezolizumab正在中国进行上市临床试验,avelumab申请的适应症是NSCLC一线治疗、实体瘤和食管鳞癌,durvalumab申请的是SCLC、NSCLC、肝细胞癌和实体瘤,atezolizumab则是肝细胞癌、尿路上皮癌和前列腺癌。

特瑞普利单抗是首个在中国上市的中国自主研发的PD-1单抗,2018年12月17日获批用于治疗既往接受全身系统治疗失败后的不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤患者。此次批准是基于已完成的中国晚期黑色素瘤II期研究有效性数据和7项临床研究的安全性数据,临床试验结果显示,治疗既往接受全身系统治疗失败的不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤患者的客观缓解率达17.3%,疾病控制率达57.5%, 1年生存率达69.3%。目前该药正在开展与泽璟生物CM4307联用治疗晚期肝细胞癌的临床研究,与CM082联用治疗既往未经治疗的局部进展或转移性黏膜黑色素瘤的临床研究和联合注射用紫杉醇(白蛋白结合型)治疗首诊IV期或复发转移三阴性乳腺癌的临床研究。

信迪利单抗是中国最新上市的PD-1单抗,批准用于至少经过二线系统化疗的复发或难治性经典霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗。该药上市前就因其相较O药和K药具有明显更优越的性价比而广受期待,可以想象或许在上市初期即会迎来一波高开高走。该药也在扩展其他适应症,2019年1月,信迪利单抗联合卡培他滨和奥沙利铂一线治疗不可切除的局部晚期、复发/转移性食管交界处腺癌的Ⅲ期临床(ORIENT-16)完成首例患者给药。

三、国内外在研PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂

笔者整理了外企在研的17种PD-1抑制剂,其中只有诺华的Spartalizumab(PDR001)在华开展了临床试验,此外也整理了国内自主研发的14种归为中国1类新药的PD-1抗体。这31种PD-1抑制剂如下:





此外,笔者整理了外企在研的8种PD-L1抑制剂,其均未在华开展临床试验。而整理的国内自主研发PD-L1抗体有13种,其中12种属于中国一类新药,还有山东步长制药的CAMD-290处于临床前研究阶段。国内新药中由迈博斯生物研发的MSB-2311是一种重组人源化和Fc改造的抗PD-L1单抗,与PD-L1的结合有独特的pH依赖性,是全球第一个有pH依赖性抗原结合的治疗性PD-L1抗体。所整理的21种PD-L1抗体如下:





不难看出,已经获批的PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂主要针对NSCLC、尿路上皮癌、黑色素瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤等,目前在研的药物绝大多数则是针对实体瘤,其次是淋巴瘤。根据2019年国家癌症中心最新报告,肺癌、肝癌、上消化系统肿瘤及直肠癌、女性乳腺癌等依然是我国主要的恶性肿瘤。如果这些在研药物最终的临床试验结果证明了对于这几大肿瘤的明显有效性,或许将面临一个更广阔的市场。

四、双/多靶点二代药物

PD-1抗体药物虽然在多种癌症治疗中表现出良好的效果,但其尚存在许多不足,例如PD1单药的一线总人群有效率只有大概20%-30%,起效时间较慢等,因此许多临床试验将PD-1/PD-L1与传统的化疗和放疗联合治疗。此外,PD-1/PD-L1抗体药物与其他细胞抗体药物的联合治疗也是新的开发方向。2018年11月28日Nature Reviews Drug Discovery上发表的《The cilinical trial landscape for PD1/PDL1 immune checkpoint inhibitors》指出,在2017年9月至2018年9月一年中活跃的临床试验有2250项,其中有1716项试验的治疗方案是PD-1/PD-1抗体与其他癌症疗法联合,针对240种不同靶点,CTLA-4(cytotoxicT lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4)是所有联合靶点中最常见的[3]。但是双药联合方案存在不良反应较大、价格高等明显的缺点,研发靶向多位点的药物成为了各大公司的研发热点,近年多种靶向“PD-1/PD-L1+其他靶点”的二代药物相继进入临床试验,其中还有不少的国产研发药。笔者整理了国内外14种上市和在研多靶点特异性抗体,具体如下表所示:





在这些合作靶点中,CTLA-4是第一个被发现可用于肿瘤免疫治疗的免疫检查点,LAG-3主要表达于活化的T 细胞和NK细胞表面,可抑制Th1细胞增殖和IFN-γ、IL-2 和TNF-α等细胞因子的分泌,还可抑制CD8+ T细胞活性,抑制细胞毒性作用,同时还是调节性T 细胞发挥作用的必要因子,TIM-3也是重要的免疫调节因子[4]。理论上讲,不同靶点的同时作用对与抗肿瘤免疫治疗具有协同作用,然而是否能够应用于临床还要期待更多临床试验的结果。

数据收集截止时间:2019年3月16日

文中临床试验注册数据来自于中国药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台(http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/eap/main)和美国NIH临床试验注册平台(https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home),同一种药如果有三个以内的试验则将试验代码全部列出,超过三个则只列出其中一个并加“等”字。

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    2019-09-18 jklm09
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    2019-04-04 smartjoy
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    2019-04-02 JerryJiangChina

    作者有心了

    0

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