下腔静脉连接左心房合并心内畸形二例

2019-07-17 汪青园 黄景思 邹鹏 影像诊断与介入放射学

病例1,女,3个月16d。因为生长发育缓慢就诊(出生体重3.15kg,入院体重3.67kg)。呼吸室内空气的情况下,四肢经皮血氧饱和度测量值为97%~100%。体格检查,呼吸48次/分,心前区未闻及明显杂音。心电图提示:窦性心律。胸片提示:右心缘明显膨隆,肺动脉段隆起,肺血增多,心胸比0.57。超声及CT共同提示:下腔静脉连接左心房(图1),心内型部分肺静脉异位引流,继发孔型房间隔缺损,动脉导管未

1.病例资料
 
病例1,女,3个月16d。因为生长发育缓慢就诊(出生体重3.15kg,入院体重3.67kg)。呼吸室内空气的情况下,四肢经皮血氧饱和度测量值为97%~100%。体格检查,呼吸48次/分,心前区未闻及明显杂音。心电图提示:窦性心律。胸片提示:右心缘明显膨隆,肺动脉段隆起,肺血增多,心胸比0.57。超声及CT共同提示:下腔静脉连接左心房(图1),心内型部分肺静脉异位引流,继发孔型房间隔缺损,动脉导管未闭。患者术中探查见房间隔缺损巨大,约2.5 cm,下腔静脉于近房间隔缺损下缘处汇入左心房,开口紧靠右下肺静脉。右上肺静脉在房间隔缺损上方汇入右心房,其余肺静脉汇入左房。手术切除残存房间隔组织,用牛心包补片重建房间隔,将上下腔静脉分隔入右房,肺静脉分隔入左房。患者术后15d康复出院,目前随访至术后1年,心功能正常。



图1病例1。a)超声右心房切面,可见下腔静脉及肺静脉共同连接左房,房间隔缺损较大。IVC下腔静脉;PV肺静脉;LA左心房;RA右心房;b)心脏增强CT横断面连续层面,下腔静脉收纳肝静脉血流后直接汇入左心房
 
病例2,患者,男,1个月26d。因咳嗽、气促就诊。入院时已行气管插管呼吸机辅助通气,胸骨左缘2至3肋间可闻及Ⅱ/Ⅵ级收缩期杂音。心电图提示:窦性心律。胸片提示:心影增大,心胸比0.61。超声提示:左房三房心,房间隔缺损(继发孔型)肺动脉高压。CT提示:左房三房心,下腔静脉异位引流(图2),房间隔缺损。患者术中探查见:房间隔近乎缺如,左房内可见带孔(直径约2mm)隔膜,将左房分为真房和副房,副房与肺静脉相连,真房与二尖瓣相连,下腔静脉回流入左心房副房。手术同前,牛心包补片重建房间隔,恢复心脏静脉正常回流关系。患者术后恢复良好,随访至术后半年,心功能正常。



图2病例2。a)超声多普勒右心房切面,提示下腔静脉及肺静脉共同连接并回流入左心房,ASD房间隔缺损;b)心脏增强CT横断面连续层面,*示下腔静脉直接连接左心房,合并左房三房心,左房隔膜位置(黑箭)
 
2.讨论
 
心脏静脉回流异常,包括常见的肺静脉异常连接,以及罕见的上、下腔静脉,肝静脉和冠状静脉的异常连接。下腔静脉连接左心房在1955年由GardnerDL首次发现并报道,最早的外科修复在1964年由Nasseri M完成。方立德将下腔静脉异常回流进行分型:Ⅰ(a)经奇静脉,右侧上腔静脉入右心房;Ⅰ(b)经半奇静脉、奇静脉,右侧上腔静脉入右心房;Ⅱ(c)经半奇静脉,左侧上腔静脉入右心房;Ⅱ(d)经半奇静脉,左侧上腔静脉入左心房;Ⅲ(e)直接入左心房;Ⅲ(f)在右侧上腔静脉旁直接入右心房。其中经右侧上腔静脉分为Ⅰ类,经左侧上腔静脉为Ⅱ类,不经上腔静脉为Ⅲ类。
 
据目前已发表个案报道,患者通常可获得正常的生长发育,最常见的主诉是劳力后发绀、气促,心导管检查时测量左房压可正常。部分无症状患者,在做经股静脉介入治疗过程中被偶然发现。少数患者既往有房间隔缺损修补手术史,再次入院检查时被发现。我们报道的两例均属于Ⅲ(e)型,在术前超声和增强CT检查中已经确诊。增强CT扫描图像中,通常不难追踪到下腔静脉直接汇入左房。如果经下肢静脉注射对比剂,图像中还可以观察到左房显影先于右房,左房密度高于右房。
 
超声在检查时,容易将房间隔残缘误认为较长的下腔静脉瓣,以致漏诊此类疾病,也有报道通过下肢注射超声对比剂进而帮助诊断此畸形。追溯至人胚时期,胚胎发育至第6~8周时,一方面右窦房瓣逐步退化,其尾端形成较大的下腔静脉瓣及较小的冠状窦瓣,另一方面心房顶部的第二房间隔呈弧形,向心内膜垫方向生长。有假说认为,未完全退化的右房瓣残端与第二房间隔错误的融合,将下腔静脉开口分隔入左心房,从而形成了此类罕见的先天性心脏畸形。
 
原始出处:

汪青园,黄景思,邹鹏,孙善权.下腔静脉连接左心房合并心内畸形二例[J].影像诊断与介入放射学,2018(02):154-155.

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    2019-09-03 fusion
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    2019-07-19 sodoo
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    2019-07-17 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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