Cell:B7-H1/PD-1通路不仅仅是另一个“免疫检查点” 未来肿瘤免疫疗法展望,免疫正常化疗法时代已来

2018-10-09 卜叶 科学网

过去一百多年,人们努力增强免疫激活机制,这些机制被人类用来消灭入侵者,其中包括肿瘤细胞。

过去一百多年,人们努力增强免疫激活机制,这些机制被人类用来消灭入侵者,其中包括肿瘤细胞。
 
但过去十年间,研究人员发现,这种“免疫增强化”策略通常无法达到客观缓解的目的,并有频繁的免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)。
 
10月4日,耶鲁大学医学院教授陈列平在Cell上发表了一篇题为“A Paradigm Shift of Cancer Immunotherapy: From Enhancement to Normalization”的展望文章,阐述了肿瘤免疫治疗的历程、现状和方法,并提出“免疫正常化”这一对未来肿瘤免疫治疗具有指导作用的理念。
 
让人投鼠忌器的免疫增强化疗法
 
免疫增强化疗法的总体思路旨在激活和提高免疫反应,然而,癌症可以发展出各种机制来逃避特定和非特定的免疫攻击,这些策略统称为“免疫逃逸机制”。已有的大量证据表明,这种免疫逃逸机制通常导致局部的免疫抑制,阻止肿瘤微环境(TME)中的T细胞攻击。
 
中国生物工程学会精准医学与伴随诊断专业委员会秘书长董增军告诉《中国科学报》记者,不可否认,免疫增强化疗法有客观缓解肿瘤的作用,并且FDA批准了用于一些肿瘤的治疗——大多数是天然免疫原性肿瘤,如黑色素瘤和肾细胞癌。然而,在大多数情况下,这些策略也将免疫系统推向超生理水平,随后增加了免疫相关不良事件 (irAEs) 的风险。也就是说,免疫增强化疗法的弊端在多个临床试验结果中都体现了,文章或可更加直接地表述。
 
研究分析了FDA批准四种免疫增强化疗法后,认为使用肿瘤的免疫增强化疗法的普遍经验是,免疫系统的广泛激活导致的irAEs比客观抗肿瘤缓解更频繁,不佳的反应/毒性比限制了多数疗法的使用,迄今为止,这些药物都没有广泛的适应症。
 
更加不幸的是,以往发现的大部份控制肿瘤免疫逃逸的机制,即使不完全相同,也往往与控制自身耐受的机制相似 ,这使得很难运用这些机制来开发出一种即能产生抗肿瘤反应,也能避免irAEs的治疗方法。
 
抗PD疗法或是两全之策
 
尽管如此,研究人员一直未放弃利用抗肿瘤免疫反应治疗癌症的策略。在过去十年中,针对B7-H1 / PD-1途径的肿瘤免疫疗法(抗PD疗法)在患者中取得了更高的客观缓解率。
 
在FDA批准的免疫疗法中,研究比较发现,抗PD疗法是第一种在癌症患者中客观肿瘤缓解比引起严重免疫相关不良事件多的疗法,这表明在不增加毒性的前提下提高疗效是可能的。
 
抗PD疗法目标在于矫正缺陷的免疫机制,使免疫回归人体自然的水平,研究将类似抗PD疗法称之为“肿瘤的免疫正常化疗法”。那么,为什么抗PD疗法既能减少副反应,又能获得抗肿瘤免疫?
 
耶鲁大学医学院博士王俊向《中国科学报》记者介绍,这缘于抗PD疗法的特殊作用机制,包括针对肿瘤微环境,而不是其他健康组织;恢复那些已经功能失调的T细胞的抗肿瘤功能以及防止新抵达的效应T细胞在肿瘤微环境(TME)中功能失调等等。当PD通路阻断时,这些重新恢复活力的T细胞和新抵达的免疫细胞,将会得到保护免受PD通路的抑制,这将有助于TME中免疫反应的恢复,并变为对抗肿瘤细胞的效应细胞。
 
另外,研究认为,这种正常化过程的一个重要但不太为人所知的结果就是记忆T细胞的产生,这种记忆T细胞有可能是抗PD疗法具有持久抗肿瘤效果的原因。
 
目前,FDA已经批准抗PD治疗用于转移性黑色素瘤、肺癌、头颈癌、肾细胞癌、尿路上皮癌、肝癌、癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、梅克尔细胞癌、大B细胞淋巴瘤、宫颈癌和任何MSI+肿瘤。王俊表示,区别于之前其他免疫疗法,抗PD疗法适用于更多种类的肿瘤,并且在使用剂量上受限较少。
 
未来或出现多种抗PD疗法替代方案
 
除B7-H1/PD-1通路外,还有一系列在抗肿瘤免疫反应中引起免疫缺陷的分子途径,这些途径可以作为恢复这种反应能力的靶标。这些免疫缺陷的分子组成和机制一旦被识别和确立,将可能成为免疫正常化疗法的潜在目标,并且可为那些对抗PD疗法没有反应的患者提供一个替代方案。
 
但寻找替代方案绝非易事,新的免疫正常化疗法的发展仍有诸多障碍。其一,免疫正常化疗法的发展依赖于抗肿瘤免疫反应中的特定缺陷及其分子机制的确定,特别是在不同的类型的肿瘤,这绝非易事。其二,随着癌症的进展,如何在特定患者中确定哪种或哪几种免疫抑制途径占主导地位,以决定最佳治疗方式亦是挑战。此外,其他疗法与抗PD疗法联用可能损害抗PD疗法的效果,如何制定基于抗PD疗法的基本原理设计的联用方案尤为重要。据悉,陈列平团队已发现数条其他免疫正常化疗法通路,目前尚处于早期研发以及临床研究阶段。
 
抗PD疗法树立了一个榜样,即最小化irAEs的同时提高抗肿瘤效果。董增军表示,从B7-H1/PD-1通路和抗PD疗法发展中习得的免疫学原理将会引导我们设计更有效的肿瘤的免疫正常化疗法、寻找最佳组合疗法,并推动肿瘤治疗的前沿,这或许需要一段时间,但时间终将揭示主流疗法的真面目。

原始出处:

Miguel F. Sanmamed,Lieping Chen. A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy: From Enhancement to Normalization. Cell  VOLUME 175, ISSUE 2, P313-326, OCTOBER 04, 2018

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    2018-10-10 kafei

    学习了谢谢

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