Anesth Analg:中国麻醉学专家的宏观视野:通向围术期医学之路

2019-03-14 佚名 中华医学信息导报

随着麻醉学的不断发展,外科患者的安全性已有显着提升,但患者术后30天死亡率仍高达0.56%~4%。包括心血管事件、肺部并发症、急性肾损伤在内的并发症,发生率则更高。

2019年2月27日,Anesthesia & Analgesia杂志在线刊发由王天龙、邓小明、黄宇光、熊利泽4位中国麻醉学专家和美国麻醉学者Lee A. Fleisher共同执笔的稿件,题为Road to Perioperative Medicine: A Perspective From China(《通向围术期医学之路:中国视角》)。该文全面介绍了中国麻醉科医师在围术期医学实践中已完成的工作,正面临的挑战以及今后的发展道路。

海军军医大学附属长海医院麻醉科薄禄龙教授对该文进行了编译,并邀请两位文中作者进行审校,以飨读者。

随着麻醉学的不断发展,外科患者的安全性已有显着提升,但患者术后30天死亡率仍高达0.56%~4%。包括血管事件、肺部并发症、急性肾损伤在内的并发症,发生率则更高。例如,普通患者和老年高危患者在骨科、心脏手术后1周时的认知障碍发生率分别为30.4%~41.4%、53%~75%。其中,5.6%~12.7%的患者其术后认知障碍持续逾3个月,1%的患者则长达1至2年。从麻醉学的角度,如何改善外科患者的术后康复?

中华医学会麻醉学分会适时提出麻醉学应更改为围术期医学,以强调并彰显麻醉科医师在患者围术期结局中的重要作用。与之相随,中华医学会麻醉学分会2016、2017和2018连续三届年会,以“从麻醉学到围术期医学”为主题,正式开启了中国麻醉学的新征程。

我们做了哪些工作?

全国已有50余家教学医院、县级医院的麻醉科,将科室名称由“麻醉科”更改为“麻醉和围术期医学科”。全国范围内,也开展了一系列学术活动,以关注并促进围术期医学这一理念的发展。例如,麻醉学术会议、病例讨论和学术竞赛的主题,从原本仅关注麻醉,扩展到关注麻醉和围术期管理。此外,多中心临床试验和临床研究的结局指标,也从仅关注麻醉相关并发症和死亡,转为关注术后并发症及死亡等术后结局。2017年3月30日,我们还在北京举行新闻发布会,启动首次以“从麻醉学到围术期医学”为主题的中国麻醉周活动。这些活动既向公众普及麻醉和围术期医学知识,又能教育公众麻醉可以为外科患者和术后康复做哪些工作?

我们取得了哪些成绩?

两年多来,围术期医学的理念不断深入人心,日趋成为共识。越来越多的麻醉科医师,对职业未来充满信心。在过去3年里,进入麻醉科住院医师规范化培训的医学院校毕业生达9210人,增长幅度近20%。2017年12月12日,原国家卫计委发布《关于医疗机构麻醉科门诊和护理单元设置管理工作的通知》([2017]1191号)。该文件强调有条件的医疗机构要设置麻醉科门诊,应配备麻醉科护士并在麻醉科医师指导下进行麻醉准备、监测和急性疼痛服务。2018年8月8日,国家卫健委联合六部委发布《关于加强和完善麻醉医疗服务意见的通知》([2018]21号),为麻醉专业的发展提供了政策支持。通知要求,力争到2020年,麻醉科医师数量由当前8万名增加到9万名,每万人口中麻醉科医师数量提高到0.65人;到2030年,麻醉科医师数量增加到14万名,每万人口中麻醉科医师数量接近1人;到2035年,麻醉科医师数量增加到16万名,每万人口中麻醉科医师数量达到1人以上并保持稳定。由中华医学会外科学分会和中华医学会麻醉学分会联合制定的《加速康复外科中国专家共识暨路径管理指南》,发表于2018年第1期《中华麻醉学杂志》和《中国实用外科杂志》。我们坚信,更多的外科学术团体,将与中华医学会麻醉学分会一道,共促未来合作。

我们的挑战是什么?

从麻醉学到围术期医学的主要挑战是,麻醉科医师的积极性、外科医师的惯性阻力以及患者对医疗服务和良好预后的更高要求。根据国家统计局的相关数据,2017年,中国60岁以上人群占总人口的17.3%(2.409亿人),其中65岁以上人群占总人口的11.4%(1.5831亿人)。人口结构的迅速老龄化,促使麻醉科医师从手术室的麻醉管理转向围术期管理,以降低患者围术期病残率和死亡率,以期优化患者远期结局。

但是,中国麻醉科医师的严重短缺已成为一个严峻挑战,有碍于患者对围术期管理质量的更高要求。一项针对世界卫生组织167个成员国的调查显示,麻醉科医师与外科医师的平均比例1:2.9,但在中国这一比例仅为1:7.5。一项针对京津冀地区麻醉科医师职业现状的调查表明,麻醉科医师的工作满意度低(69%),职业倦怠程度严重(57%),这无疑影响了医疗质量和可及性。

中国是一个人口大国,经济和医疗条件存在地区差异,其中也包括麻醉专业水平的差异。我国发达地区大型医院的麻醉死亡率(1/20万)与发达国家的差异并不显着。但是,我国欠发达地区和基层医院的麻醉死亡率较高。随着多学科医疗团队的推广和普及,麻醉科医师将逐渐成为围术期医学的领军人物。当然,从麻醉学到围术期医学的转变还有很长的路要走。

原始出处:Wang T, Deng X, Huang Y, Fleisher LA, Xiong L. Road to Perioperative Medicine: A Perspective From China. Anesth Analg. 2019 Feb 27.

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    2019-05-26 经常头晕
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    2019-09-13 zhaojie88
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    2019-10-20 AspirantSuo
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