NEJM:如何减轻ICU患者家属的精神负担

2018-07-04 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

在美国,大约五分之一的人死于ICU或从ICU转出后很快死亡,通常发生于代理人(surrogate,在中国其实就是家属,所以后面翻译为家属)签署放弃延长生命治疗后。

在美国,大约五分之一的人死于ICU或从ICU转出后很快死亡,通常发生于代理人(surrogate,在中国其实就是家属,所以后面翻译为家属)签署放弃延长生命治疗后。在ICU中,临床医生和家属的交流存在一些问题;这些问题包括多学科医生无法及时与家属沟通,错过了为家属提供情绪帮助的机会,对患者预后讨论不够充分,是否遵循了患者的自身价值观,是否选择了让患者舒服的治疗选线。无法进行充分的交流,将会使医生采取更加昂贵和多余的治疗措施,而这些治疗措施可能并未遵循患者的价值观和喜好,甚至会对家属的心理应激(psychological distress)造成长期的影响。

专业协会的指南推荐应该向患者家属提供帮助。但是证据显示许多家属本应该能够从这些帮助中获益,但是他们并未得到帮助。

来自美国的D.B. White等基于现代治疗理论,利用跨学科ICU团队制订了一项措施,目的为了解决家属遇到的情感挑战和认知挑战。他们假设这些干预措施能够减轻家属的长期精神负担,改善制定决策的质量,加强临床医生和家属的沟通,缩短最终死亡患者的积极治疗持续时间。该研究(PARTNER试验)结果于2018年6月发表在NEJM上。

PARTNER试验为阶梯进展式,簇随机对照研究。纳入了死亡高风险的患者和他们的家属,比较了跨学科ICU团队制定的多方位家庭支持干预措施和常规措施的差异。干预措施由跨专业ICU团队和4-6个护士执行(称为PARTNER护士)。PARTNER护士由ICU主任指定,因为她们有很强的交流能力。

干预措施包括三部分内容。首先,PARTNER护士接受先进的交流训练,重点为对危重病患者家属的帮助技巧。12h训练内容包括教诲式教学方案,模拟交流技能,由受过训练的医生演员训练交流技巧,并提供结构反馈。其次,制定家属支持路径,按照方案PARTNER护士每天会见家属,纳入研究后48h内安排医生家属会面,此后每5-7天重复一次。第三,通过质量改进专家,把加强支持的方案提供给每个ICU,并把家属支持路径融合到临床治疗流程中。

主要终点为6个月家属的HADS评分(医院焦虑和抑郁评分,得分越高症状越严重)。二级终点包括家属的IES评分(冲突事件量表,得分越高症状越严重),QOC评分(交流质量评分,得分越高提示医生家属交流更好)和PPPC评分(患者对以“患者为中心”的评价,得分越低提示更多“以患者和以家属为中心”),以及ICU的住院时间。

共纳入了1420例患者。干预组和对照组6个月家属平均HADS评分和IES评分没有显著性差别。干预组的平均QOC评分更好(69.1 vs. 62.7; beta coefficient, 6.39; 95% CI, 2.57 to 10.20; P = 0.001),平均改良PPPC评分也利于干预组(1.7 vs. 1.8; beta coefficient, .0.15; 95% CI, .0.26 to .0.04; P = 0.006)。干预组平均ICU住院时间更短(6.7 days vs. 7.4 days; incidence rate ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.00; P = 0.045),可能是因为缩短了死亡患者的住ICU时间(4.4 days vs. 6.8 days; incidence rate ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.78; P<0.001)。

最终作者认为对于危重病患者和家属,跨转移ICU团队制定的家属支持干预措施并不能显著影响家属的精神负担,但是干预组改善了交流质量和“以及患者或家属为中心”的服务,缩短了ICU住院时间。

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    2018-07-04 1201e5c5m39暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2018-07-04 flysky120

    医疗工作中与家属的沟通很重要

    0

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