浅表宫颈阴道肌纤维母细胞瘤1例

2019-11-25 宋振 金平 张蕾 张雁瑞 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

浅 表 宫 颈 阴 道 肌 纤 维 母 细 胞 瘤 (superficial cervicovaginal myofibroblastoma,SCVM)是一种起源于女性下生殖道罕见的良性肿瘤。以绝经后女性多见,临床上常无症状,偶有阴道流血、流液。治疗上采取手术切除原发病灶,术后很少复发或转移。现将我院收治的1例患者的临床表现、处理及病理特征报道如下。

浅 表 宫 颈 阴 道 肌 纤 维 母 细 胞 瘤 (superficial cervicovaginal myofibroblastoma,SCVM)是一种起源于女性下生殖道罕见的良性肿瘤。以绝经后女性多见,临床上常无症状,偶有阴道流血、流液。治疗上采取手术切除原发病灶,术后很少复发或转移。现将我院收治的1例患者的临床表现、处理及病理特征报道如下。

1  病历摘要

患者56 岁,未婚,无性生活史,主因“发现宫内病变 2 d”入院。患者绝经 9 年,绝经后无异常阴道流血。2017 年 7 月 5 日在我院查超声提示:宫腔内混合回声团,大小约4.4 cm×1.6 cm,呈蜂窝状改变,性质待定;子宫肌瘤。为进一步治疗收入院。患者既往有甲亢病史,口服他巴唑至 2009 年停药,后定期监测甲状腺功能正常。2009 年 7 月在我院行左乳腺癌根治术,术后口服枸橼酸托瑞米芬治疗,定期复查。半年前发现高血压,规律服药。入院查体:心、肺、腹无异常。妇科检查:外阴发育正常,未婚式,处女膜完整,仅容一指探入,宫颈无法暴露。肛诊:宫体前位,如孕 60+d大小,质中,无压痛,双附件区未及明显异常。入院诊断:(1)宫内病变性质待查。(2)子宫肌瘤。(3)左乳腺癌根治术后。(4)高血压病。入院后查盆腔 MRI 示:(1)宫腔内异常信号,考虑内膜息肉可能。(2)子宫肌层多发肌瘤。查肿瘤标志物 CA125 43.4 kU/L(稍高),CA199 14.1 kU/L,癌胚抗原(CEA)     1.61 μg/L。于 2017 年 8 月 9 日在静脉麻醉下行处女膜切开+宫腔镜检查+诊刮术+宫颈赘生物摘除术。术中见:子宫平位,探宫深 7.0 cm,近宫颈内口宫颈管 3 点处一大小约 2.5 cm×1.5 cm 质硬赘生物,宫腔形态正常,子宫内膜薄,宫底可见息肉状突出,双侧输卵管开口可见。术后石蜡病理:(宫内物)少量破碎的增生反应子宫内膜,部分间质纤维化,局部组织腺体囊性扩张;(宫颈赘生物)送检组织表面被覆鳞状上皮,上皮下间质内见卵圆形、梭形细胞呈束状、编织状排列,细胞丰富,排列密集,未见明显细胞异型性,核分裂象偶见(病理号17096662)(图 1)。免疫组化结果:肿瘤细胞CD34 部分(+),SMA 灶性(+),H-Caldesmon(-),S-100(-)(图 2、图 3)。结合形态学及免疫组化结果,病变符合纤维母细胞性和肌纤维母细胞性肿瘤,倾向浅表宫颈阴道肌纤维母细胞瘤,建议随诊。与患者及家属进一步沟通,其强烈要求切除子宫,考虑患者有乳腺癌手术史及长期服用抗雌激素药物史,尊重其意愿,于 2017 年 8 月 9 日在全身麻醉下行经腹全子宫切除术+双附件切除术+肠粘连松解术。术中见:子宫如孕 60+d大小,形态不规则,表面可见多个肌瘤样结节突出,子宫后壁与肠管粘连,双侧附件外观未见异常。术毕剖视子宫:子宫肌壁间见多个肌瘤样结节,子宫内膜薄,宫底可见息肉状突出,宫颈光滑。术后石蜡病理:全子宫+双附件:(1)子宫多发性平滑肌瘤,增生反应子宫内膜及子宫内膜息肉,慢性宫颈炎,阴道壁未见明显异常。(2)双侧附件未见明显异常。随访患者至2018年7月共11个月,尚未见复发和转移。





2  讨论

2.1    病因    SCVM罕见,2001 年由 Laskin等首报。该肿瘤是一种起源于女性阴道和宫颈黏膜下浅表基质的良性间叶性肿瘤。发病年龄在 40~74 岁,平均 57 岁。具体病因不明。部分患者有外源性激素使用史。郜红艺等报道 1 例有右乳癌根治术史,术后是否使用激素未提及。赵瑞皎等报道 6 例中 1 例因乳腺癌术后服用抗雌激素治疗。Laskin等报道 14 例中 7 例有外源性激素暴露史,其中 4 例发现肿瘤时在使用激素替代治疗,2 例因乳腺癌接受他莫昔芬治疗。但外源性激素是否是肿瘤发生的因素之一目前还未得到证实。目前尚未见报道肿瘤与人乳头瘤状病毒(HPV)、人类疱疹病毒(EBV)等病毒感染有关。

2.2    疾病特征    肿瘤主要发生于阴道和宫颈的固有膜,国外文献报道发生于阴道多见,仅有 1 例报道发生于卵巢。肿瘤直径约 1.0~6.5 cm,平均 2.7 cm,呈息肉状或结节状。临床上常无特异症状,常在查体时发现,少数因阴道流血、流液就诊。Abdelaziz等报道 1 例临床表现为月经过多。胡茂通等报道 2 例均以体检发现阴道壁囊肿收治。临床上确诊主要依靠病理及免疫组化。组织病理学上见肿瘤境界清楚但没有包膜,肿瘤周边区细胞较疏松,中央区细胞密度较大。瘤细胞为相对一致的梭形和星形间质细胞,胞质少,核分裂象少见,不见坏死。肿瘤内散布有薄壁血管。免疫表型:Vimentin、Desmin、CD34、ER 和 PR(+),α-SMA、MSA 部分(+),h-caldesmon、S-100、calretinin、EMA、CK、CD57 及 NF(-) 等。治疗上以手术完整切除原发病灶为主,术后很少复发或转移。国外文献病例报道临床资料总结见表1。

2.3    鉴别诊断    该肿瘤组织形态与常见几种女性生殖道软组织肿瘤形态相似,且免疫表型有重叠,故临床上诊断较为困难,易造成误诊。临床上该肿瘤需与如下肿瘤鉴别诊断:(1)血管肌纤维母细胞瘤:发生于成年女性外阴和阴道的良性肿瘤。常表现为无痛性肿块,分界清楚,肿瘤直径常<5.0 cm,临床上有时被误诊为巴氏腺囊肿。男性也可发病。组织病理学上瘤细胞分布不均一,呈相互交替的细胞密集区和细胞稀疏区。免疫表型 Desmin、ER 和 PR(+),α-SMA、MSA(-)。(2)侵袭性血管黏液瘤:年轻女性多见,好发于女性外阴、盆腔和会阴的深部组织。男性也可发病。肿瘤常单发,直径常≥10 cm,边界不清,呈局部侵袭性生长。局部复发率高。免疫组化不易区别。(3)纤维上皮性息肉:发生于外阴、阴道或宫颈的良性息肉样病变。好发于妊娠期女性,也可见于生育期女性或使用激素替代治疗的绝经后女性。肿瘤直径常为 1.0~5.0 cm,较大者可达 18.5 cm。组织学上无Grenz带,也不见周边细胞稀疏中央致密的分带现象。免疫表型上常表达 Desmin、ER 和 PR,有时表达 SMA。

该患者为绝经后女性,左乳腺癌根治术后一直服用抗雌激素药物,手术处理宫内病变同时发现宫颈赘生物,予一并摘除,病理及免疫组化结果证实为浅表宫颈阴道肌纤维母细胞瘤。患者及家属顾虑长期服用抗雌激素药物可能引起子宫内膜病变,强烈要求切除子宫,临床上需综合考虑,尊重患者治疗方案选择。但该肿瘤起源局限,且为良性病变,手术以完整切除原发病灶即可,术后很少复发,故不能将子宫切除作为其常规术式。临床上应结合患者病史、临床表现、有无生育要求等情况综合判断,制定个体化治疗方案。

参考文献略。

原始出处:

宋振,金平,张蕾,张雁瑞..浅表宫颈阴道肌纤维母细胞瘤1例[J],中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2019,35(10):1182-1184

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    2020-09-20 okhuali
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    2019-11-27 一闲
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