Nat Biomed Eng:纳米胶囊带“弹药”炸了中枢神经系统癌症

2019-08-16 顾露露 生物探索

大约15%到40%的癌症会在中枢神经系统中发生转移,目前基于单克隆抗体的癌症疗法取得了广泛地成功,但由于药物到达肿瘤部位受限制,所以对于已经扩散到中枢神经系统的癌症疗效甚微

大约15%到40%的癌症会在中枢神经系统中发生转移,目前基于单克隆抗体的癌症疗法取得了广泛地成功,但由于药物到达肿瘤部位受限制,所以对于已经扩散到中枢神经系统的癌症疗效甚微。



造成这一切背后的“元凶”之一就是血脑屏障。不怕神对手,就怕猪队友。血脑屏障是一种阻止有害物质进入大脑的天然防御系统,但它同时也阻止了许多药物“收拾”已经扩散到中枢神经系统的癌症。

马配好鞍

利妥昔单抗(rituximab)就是美国FDA批准的第一种治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤的单克隆抗体。它治疗系统性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的疗效已经得到了很好的证实,但通过静脉途径治疗原发性和复发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的表现并不佳。原因之一就是没有完美的 “弹药”运输方法。



迄今为止,运输“弹药”的方式有很多,比如病毒载体、脂质体、阳离子聚合物、无机传递体系和其他生物分子等各种高分子载体。在某些情况下,病毒载体对中枢神经系统的传递是有效的,但也存在潜在的安全隐患(毕竟是病毒);以脂质体为基础的蛋白传递已被证明可以穿透血脑屏障,但其效率、生物相容性和稳定性相对较低;无机传递体系,是不可生物降解的,难以装载或与大分子结合;生物分子,如细胞穿透肽和抗体,尽管已经提高了高分子传递的效率,但是“货物”的降解仍然阻碍了它们的治疗应用。

只要思想不滑坡,办法总比困难多。现在,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校的研究人员找到了解决方案——他们开发了一种药物传输系统(纳米胶囊),可以突破血脑屏障,把抗癌药送达已经扩散到中枢神经系统的癌症部位。相关研究发表在《Nature Biomedical Engineering》的网站上。

“宝藏技术”纳米胶囊

这个纳米胶囊为何能突破血脑屏障的限制,有什么制胜法宝?秘诀一:它的直径仅有1纳米。为啥这也是制胜法宝?对比一下你就知道,生活中一张普通A4纸就有10万纳米厚。秘诀二:胶囊表面涂有一种叫做2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷胆碱的物质,这种物质不会被血脑屏障阻断,从而使胶囊能够与“敌人”癌细胞非常接近的时候释放“弹药”。

研究人员在小鼠身上进行了验证。他们将抗癌药物利妥昔单抗装入纳米胶囊,然后注入到已经转移到中枢神经系统的淋巴瘤小鼠中。研究人员在随后的四个月的时间里追踪肿瘤的生长情况。

结果非常喜人。与使用天然利妥昔单抗相比,经单疗程治疗后,实时释放纳米胶囊交付的利妥昔单抗在中枢神经系统中可达到约10倍高的利妥昔单抗浓度,并可维持至少4周,而使用天然利妥昔单抗可维持至少1周。

此外,研究人员还建立了人非霍奇金淋巴瘤异种移植小鼠中枢神经系统转移模型,并展示了利妥昔单抗纳米胶囊对中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的治疗效果。此外,他们还使用一个人源化的骨髓-肝-胸腺(BLT)小鼠模型,证明了清除中枢神经系统淋巴瘤。

结语

近年来,研究人员和药物设计者越来越关注新的纳米技术策略,以改善中枢神经系统的药物输送,可以说纳米技术的潜力无限。研究人员表示,未来这种纳米胶囊方法不仅可以用于转移到中枢神经系统的癌症,如乳腺癌、小细胞肺癌和黑色素瘤,还可以用于原发性脑肿瘤或其他脑部疾病。

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    2020-01-22 spoonycyy
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    2020-04-15 liye789132251
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    2019-11-14 sunylz
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