急性肾损伤早诊,靠生物标志物来助力

2018-06-12 杨小兵 侯凡凡 健康报医生频道

急性肾损伤(AKI)是导致病人死亡的重要原因,AKI的人群发病率为2100/百万人群。需要肾脏替代治疗的AKI死亡率高达50%~80%,全球每年约有两百万人死于AKI。危重症患者,尤其是老年人近年AKI的发生率日益增加,已成为全球广泛关注的问题。多个在动物试验提示有效的AKI治疗药物在人类AKI均被证实无效,主要原因在于无法早期诊断AKI,错过了最佳的治疗“时间窗”。


南方医科大学南方医院肾内科  国家肾脏病临床医学研究中心  杨小兵  侯凡凡

急性肾损伤(AKI)是导致病人死亡的重要原因,AKI的人群发病率为2100/百万人群。需要肾脏替代治疗的AKI死亡率高达50%~80%,全球每年约有两百万人死于AKI。危重症患者,尤其是老年人近年AKI的发生率日益增加,已成为全球广泛关注的问题。多个在动物试验提示有效的AKI治疗药物在人类AKI均被证实无效,主要原因在于无法早期诊断AKI,错过了最佳的治疗“时间窗”。

目前早期诊断AKI面临的挑战是缺乏敏感性高、特异性好,在肾损伤的极早期阶段能准确诊断AKI的标志物。现有临床实践中用于诊断AKI的标志物是血肌酐和尿量,血肌酐在48小时内上升超过0.3mg/dl(或超过基线值的50%)、尿量减少至<0.5ml/h/kg超过6小时即诊断AKI。但上述两个指标存在局限性:血肌酐水平要待肾功能丧失超过一大半时才出现升高,且受诸多非肾损伤因素(如药物、病人营养状态、机体肌肉量等)影响,不是AKI早期敏感指标;每小时尿量的精确测定只有在留置导尿管的病人中才能进行,且受利尿剂用量和血容量波动等因素影响大,普适性低且特异性不高。

寻找新的能预测AKI发病风险和早期诊断AKI的生物标志物是目前AKI领域的研究热点。研究者希望找到类似 “肌钙蛋白”早期诊断急性心肌梗死的AKI的“肾脏肌钙蛋白”,实现AKI的早期诊断。按照这个目标,我们团队采取多学科交叉的转化医学研究模式,依据基础研究的发现潜在应用价值的AKI生物标志物,通过病人队列研究筛查和验证这些生物标志物的临床价值。目前已发现和验证了数个AKI生物标志物,发表了生物标志物预测AKI发生、发展和其他重要临床终点的一系列临床转化研究论文,并已开始进行临床检测试剂盒的研究和开发。

目前,我临床中心已发现的若干个生物标志物,在AKI的早期阶段(血肌酐水平还未升高)时肾内水平显著增加,并被分泌至尿液里。医生可以通过检测尿液生物标志物水平早期判断病人AKI发生和发展。为了进行大规模的临床应用检测,我中心引进了最先进的高通量生物标志物检测系统(luminex双激光系统),运用特异性的抗体高效“捕捉”尿液里的AKI生物标志物,通过“一滴尿液”检测AKI。

目前正在进行检测的肾损伤生物标志物指标有:1.尿血管紧张素原(uAGT):入院时的尿检测值能判断急性心力衰竭患者住院1周内AKI发生风险;临床确诊AKI时的尿检测值能协助判断病人AKI进展和死亡风险。2.尿基质金属蛋白酶-7(uMMP-7)、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(uNGAL)、尿白介素-18(uIL-18):术后2~6小时尿检测值能预测成人或儿童病人心脏大手术后发生严重AKI和死亡风险。3.尿金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子2(uTIMP-2)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-7(uIGFBP-7):入ICU时检测值能预测12小时内ICU病人发生中至重度AKI风险。

从目前的临床应用看,新AKI生物标志物能协助医生预测危重病人AKI的发生、发展风险,实现早期诊断AKI,指导及时处理。此外,在监测药物的肾毒性、富集AKI药物试验目标人群、判断药物的治疗效果等方面,新生物标志物也有望发挥更多作用。

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    2018-06-13 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-06-13 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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