Plos Med:别担心!迄今大规模临床试验、万名婴儿16年随访证实,奶粉喂养的宝宝不比母乳喂养的笨

2018-07-06 奇点糕 奇点网

在最近的PLOS Medicine杂志上,一项由加拿大麦吉尔大学的研究人员进行的,目前为止最大规模的随机对照临床试验指出,尽管母乳喂养对儿童的神经认知能力发育有益,但是这种效果并不能持续很久。

除了必不可少的帮助免疫功能还不完整的婴儿建立免疫系统外,还有很多观点指出,母乳喂养的孩子更聪明!这真是让人心动,仿佛自己的一些努力和牺牲就能为宝贝们未来几十年的人生加成,可是事实真的如此吗?奇点糕要残忍地告诉大家:并不。

在最近的PLOS Medicine杂志上,一项由加拿大麦吉尔大学的研究人员进行的,目前为止最大规模的随机对照临床试验指出,尽管母乳喂养对儿童的神经认知能力发育有益,但是这种效果并不能持续很久。

在16岁时,母乳喂养足够的年轻人与不足的相比,在整体神经认知能力上不存在差异,只有语言能力强那么一点点,但是这一点益处与年龄尚小的时候相比,也是随着年龄的增长逐渐削弱的。这项研究也受到了《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)的关注和纽约时报的报道。

母乳喂养确实有好处,世界卫生组织也推荐在婴儿出生后的6个月进行纯母乳喂养。但是,不是所有妈妈都有充足的母乳,受困于身体和工作等等原因,她们没办法进行长时间的纯母乳喂养。这些妈妈们要承受很大的压力,自己的和家庭的,奇点糕在某乎上甚至看到了这样的提问:“不喂母乳感到内疚怎么办?”“努力了半天还是奶很少的妈妈们,你们是怎么想通并原谅自己的?”“不能母乳被家里人埋怨,现在有点产后抑郁了,怎样进行自我调节?”

回答里面也有很多妈妈分享自己的经验,安慰题主,一圈问答翻下来,看的奇点糕怪揪心的。那些大肆宣扬的,母乳能增强免疫力、促进婴儿大脑发育的好处,到底有几分真假呢?值得让我们在母乳这件事情上如此苛求新手妈妈们吗?

增强免疫力是没什么可说的了,但是促进大脑发育这一点,奇点糕今天要跟大家掰扯一下。其实一直以来,母乳喂养时间长的儿童更聪明倒也不是空穴来风,2015年时,曾有一项集合了17个观察性研究的Meta分析指出,对于1-19岁的儿童或青年人,母乳喂养与更高的IQ指数相关,而另一项在巴西进行的研究更是表明,除了认知能力,母乳喂养还与30岁时的收入更高有关!但是问题在于,这些观察性的研究都没有排除一些会影响儿童认知发育的潜在因素,例如父母的教育程度和家庭经济状况等等。

观察性研究的结果不够严谨,那我们就只能让严谨的临床试验来证明了。

这项新的研究来自于一个在白俄罗斯进行的母乳喂养干预临床试验(PROBIT),试验开始时,有来自34家医院或医疗机构的17000多名婴儿参与,随访时间长达16年。在16年中,虽然有部分婴儿死亡、失访或是退出试验,不过最后还是剩下了13557人。


16年的随访心路历程都在这里了~

参与试验的婴儿都是在37周以上,足月生产的,出生时的体重也都超过2.5kg,健康状况良好。这些婴儿被随机分成两组,试验组接受3个月以上的纯母乳喂养,对照组则不足3个月。

漫长的随访期内,研究人员在这些儿童1岁、6.5岁、11.5岁和16岁时分别对他们进行测试。为了让结果更具有说服力,测试认知发育状况使用的是计算机软件,参与测试的医生也不知道接受测试的是试验组还是对照组,最大程度上避免了医生的“主观想法”对试验结果产生影响。

测试的内容分为语言能力和非语言能力,包括语言记忆、单词识别、视觉空间定向和信息处理速度等等10个方面。计算机会利用算法将测试的原始数据与年龄相结合,给出测试的单独得分和整体神经认知发育的得分。

说了这么多,到底母乳喂养超过3个月的儿童是不是比不足3个月的儿童神经认知发育得更好呢?

在调整了各种干扰因素再进行分析后,研究人员给出了答案:母乳喂养超过3个月的儿童,16岁时整体的认知功能发育与不足3个月的没有差异,只有语言能力和记忆能力高于对照组3分左右,但是统计学意义不明显。

与之相对应的,在6.5岁的时候,语言能力的差异能达到7.9分,可惜随着时间的拉长,这种益处被“稀释”了。研究人员还尝试以6个月为划分界限进行了分析,不过也没有发现明显差异。

他们还顺便分析了一些其他因素对神经认知发育的影响,发现,相比母乳喂养的时间,家庭方面的影响要大多了,比如说,父母只接受了中学教育的与接受过大学教育的相比,他们的孩子在16岁时的整体认知发育得分要低5-6分。另外,在有兄弟姐妹的家庭中,与老大相比,老二的整体神经认知发育得分要低1.5分,老三老四老五们则是低了5.1分。也就是说,出生顺序也是有可能影响认知能力发育的,它们的影响力可都远大于母乳喂养。

对于唯一一个有差异的语言能力,其实早期的一些研究已经发现了母乳对它的发展有益处,不过它们给出的理由是可能在哺乳的过程中,亲子交流更加频繁,母亲给予婴儿的回应更多,实际上也没有揭示更加具体、明确的机制。

研究人员在采访中表示:“如果想通过母乳来促进认知能力的发展,好处可能仅限于生命的早期阶段,反倒是父母的教育等其他因素更具有影响力。”所以说,母乳喂养对一个孩子是否“聪明”的影响在进入青春期之后可能就被大大削弱了,更不用说往后的几十年了。由此,奇点糕想,虽然母乳喂养确有好处,但是也不应该过分神化它,真的想让后代更聪明的话,不妨自己先学习起来吧~

原始出处:Seungmi Yang , Richard M. Martin, Emily Oken, et al. Breastfeeding during infancy and neurocognitive function in adolescence: 16-year follow-up of the PROBIT cluster-randomized trial. PLoS Medicine. April 20, 2018

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    2018-10-01 朱睿睿
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    2018-10-02 ylz8403
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    2018-07-08 villahu
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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1692960, encodeId=214e1692960bf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=937d44e1862' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#奶粉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44718, encryptionId=937d44e1862, topicName=奶粉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d3ed29313902, createdName=朱睿睿, createdTime=Mon Oct 01 05:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1665058, encodeId=ebb51665058e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c8664008e1a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#喂养#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40087, encryptionId=c8664008e1a, topicName=喂养)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ed425881542, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Thu Jun 20 00:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2043358, encodeId=b743204335806, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=13304400293' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大规模#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44002, encryptionId=13304400293, topicName=大规模)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3fce464, createdName=ylz8403, createdTime=Tue Oct 02 16:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1299589, encodeId=c4b1129958924, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a056349485' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#母乳#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63494, encryptionId=7a056349485, topicName=母乳)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bf1b289, createdName=villahu, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 14:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608943, encodeId=d63a160894394, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 14:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1249829, encodeId=efca12498294c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95264599452' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#宝宝#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45994, encryptionId=95264599452, topicName=宝宝)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=杏林小小, createdTime=Sat Jul 07 02:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=329853, encodeId=1ff0329853ea, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Jul 07 00:23:45 CST 2018, time=2018-07-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-07 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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