新版肺血栓栓塞症指南更新解读——跨越研究到临床实践的鸿沟

2018-07-13 呼吸界编辑组 呼吸界

今年4月,时隔17年的2018版《肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南》正式发布,其更新要点与解读引发了行业内关注;在前段时间的中国医师协会呼吸医师分会年会上,翟振国教授又就新版肺血栓栓塞症指南进行了详细解读,包括指南制定的方法、指南如何合理指导临床实践等,特此汇总整理并与同道分享。

今年4月,时隔17年的2018版《肺血栓栓塞症诊治与预防指南》正式发布,其更新要点与解读引发了行业内关注;在前段时间的中国医师协会呼吸医师分会年会上,翟振国教授又就新版肺血栓栓塞症指南进行了详细解读,包括指南制定的方法、指南如何合理指导临床实践等,特此汇总整理并与同道分享。

1、临床实践指南提出的意义

1990年美国医学科学院第一次明确了「临床实践指南」的定义,即:针对特定临床情况,系统制定帮助医务人员和患者做出恰当处理的指导性建议。2011年,再次对这一定义进行了更新,即:基于系统评价证据和平衡不同干预措施的利弊,在此基础上形成的能够为患者提供最佳保障的推荐意见。

中国作为占世界人口约1/6的庞大国家,医疗资源分配不均一且非同质。不同地区、医院、医生之间的临床实践能力差异较大。在中国,更需要贴近临床实践,符合国人国情的指南,从而推广优化医疗资源的使用,保证患者利益。

2、制定高质量指南的重要性

在我国1993~2010年间,共发布664部指南。一项系统评价分析了国内自1979~2013年发布的109篇呼吸领域指南,发现所有指南的总体评分均低于合格线,其中只有3部指南可以修改后再使用。提高我国临床实践指南迫在眉睫。针对如何提高指南质量,主要有以下几点建议:1)从国家层面规范指南的管理;2)标准化指南制订流程;3)完善指南评价体系;4)建立指南制定专项基金;5)与方法学家紧密合作;6)加强国际交流与合作。

3、新版肺血栓栓塞症指南重视循证研究的价值

新版肺血栓栓塞症指南的制订高度重视已有的高质量研究的价值。其中包括随机对照研究、注册登记研究以及临床与基础相结合的转换医学研究。肺栓塞新版指南制定团队检索了近20年所有肺栓塞相关文献,充分从流行病学变化、肺栓塞的诊断评估、精细化诊断及治疗方面寻找循证支持的证据。这其中有不少基于我国国人研究的数据,包括低剂量溶栓有效性及安全性评估研究,国人肺栓塞流行病学资料以及国人住院患者静脉血栓预防现状调查等。只有充分检索、评估高质量文献,才有可能制定出有临床价值的高质量指南。

4、新版指南严格循证国际指南制订法则

新版指南制订之初首先梳理了近十余年国内外发布的多部血栓相关指南。总结近年来肺栓塞领域进展迅速的方面。包括:1)不同临床可能性评估手段的敏感性评价;2)不同影像学诊断技术的进步与评价;3)VTE相关的危险因素探寻及易栓症相关研究;4)直接的新型口服抗凝药物的研发和系列临床研究;5)溶栓的指征、方案和剂量探讨;6)不同危险分层方法急性PTE的预后评估中的应用;7)特殊人群VTE处理的循证医学证据;8)关于VTE风险评估和预防的系列循证医学研究。同时也补充了国人循证医学证据。

此次指南制定邀请了兰州大学循证医学中心/GRADE中国中心提供方法学支持。完全按照国际指南制订流程和步骤:包括2015年《世界卫生组织指南制订手册》以及2016年中华医学会《制订/修订<临床诊疗指南>的基本方法及程序》。指南中的推荐等级制定完全按照标准的意见分级体系,而证据和推荐意见的评价方法采用GRADE分级。最后应用临床指南研究与评估系统Ⅱ(AGREEⅡ)对新版指南进行了规范的评价。

5、新版指南制订的整体流程

新版肺血栓栓塞症指南制订分为三个阶段。第一阶段主要为成立指南指导委员会,组建工作组;指南注册及撰写计划书;临床问题收集与评估。第二阶段主要为证据检索评价,证据质量的GRADE分级。推荐意见决策表以及推荐意见的共识。第三阶段主要为指南外审、批准以及发布推广。其中比较主要的部分为推荐意见的形成。这部分内容在此次制订过程中形成了优化的技术路线。包括:1)系统评价国内外指南;2)归纳临床问题和结局指标;3)遴选临床问题和结局指标;4)临床问题和结局指标重要性调查;5)检索证据;6)证据评价;7)初步形成推荐意见;8)推荐意见的共识和确定。

6、跨越循证研究与临床实践的鸿沟

新版指南的更新要点充分尊重国人思维习惯。在遵循国际指南标准的前提下,符合国内医生的诊断流程,包括疑诊、确诊、求因及危险分层。同时更加重视下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值,特定患者确诊下肢深静脉血栓后可按照肺血栓栓塞症处理。也再次强调求因在肺血栓栓塞症诊治中的价值,重视易栓症等因素。

新版指南更加关注临床问题的解决和梳理,增加了符合国内临床现状的要点。包括目前临床广泛应用的直接口服抗凝药物(DOACs)的循证医学证据;强调半量溶栓方案(rt-PA 50mg)的价值;系统阐述特殊情况肺栓塞的诊治,包括妊娠、围术期、肿瘤等;强调预防的重要性,以及如何平衡血栓与出血风险情况等。

小结

临床指南需要经得住推敲,而不是专家们单纯讨论的结果或是国外已有指南的翻译照搬。要在临床实践中发现问题,通过高质量的研究来解决这些问题,最后依照循证医学评价证据,制订出可以指导临床实践的指南。相信新版肺血栓栓塞症指南的制订模式不仅可以用于指导肺血栓栓塞症的临床实践,这种制订模式也可以在国内其它领域进行推广。


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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988256, encodeId=95cf19882569c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Sat Sep 08 19:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1944927, encodeId=44ac194492ea2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed7982310f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺血栓栓塞症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82310, encryptionId=ed7982310f4, topicName=肺血栓栓塞症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec25412, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Thu Dec 06 07:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1986030, encodeId=4e1919860305f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b7bd6201593' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#栓塞症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62015, encryptionId=b7bd6201593, topicName=栓塞症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=66962500501, createdName=yige2004, createdTime=Wed Feb 13 06:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754590, encodeId=116b1e5459034, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=62028230e83' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82307, encryptionId=62028230e83, topicName=肺血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7b9736763782, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 02:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1324060, encodeId=911b13240606e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b922e7350' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22773, encryptionId=42b922e7350, topicName=临床实践)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Sun Jul 15 12:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=331391, encodeId=ea8e331391bc, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 21:49:52 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-23 canlab
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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1988256, encodeId=95cf19882569c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=327e563967e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#指南更新#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56396, encryptionId=327e563967e, topicName=指南更新)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=04ce158, createdName=lxg951, createdTime=Sat Sep 08 19:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-09-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1944927, encodeId=44ac194492ea2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ed7982310f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺血栓栓塞症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82310, encryptionId=ed7982310f4, topicName=肺血栓栓塞症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ec25412, createdName=yangpeizhi, createdTime=Thu Dec 06 07:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1986030, encodeId=4e1919860305f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b7bd6201593' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#栓塞症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62015, encryptionId=b7bd6201593, topicName=栓塞症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=66962500501, createdName=yige2004, createdTime=Wed Feb 13 06:24:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754590, encodeId=116b1e5459034, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=62028230e83' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肺血栓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82307, encryptionId=62028230e83, topicName=肺血栓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7b9736763782, createdName=canlab, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 02:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1324060, encodeId=911b13240606e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b922e7350' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床实践#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22773, encryptionId=42b922e7350, topicName=临床实践)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=35fc2500023, createdName=yanjie6253_56072842, createdTime=Sun Jul 15 12:24:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=331391, encodeId=ea8e331391bc, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ba101609906, createdName=happsf, createdTime=Fri Jul 13 21:49:52 CST 2018, time=2018-07-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-13 happsf

    学习

    0